laɮa³³🔊IMP祈使式IMP吧/ba/Ngo ddei zzirbae ngo leil koxl gger la! 把我的钱还给我吧！Give me back my money!Ni ngier du la! 你起来！Stand up!Ni ddei kardu ngo leil arleixr ngol gger la. 你的帽子借我一下。Lend me your hat.There are five modal words that are used when giving an order, request or suggestion. Those words include /ssi/, /la/, /nia/, /ssa/ and /ngo/. The /ssi/ and /la/ are both polite imperative particles. The /ssi/ 'go' involves someone physically moving from one place to another place to carry out the request. The word /nia/ means 'need, should; must (do something)'; this word is never negated. The word /ssa/, which is always negated, means '(not) need (to do something)' and is used as the negative alternative to /nia/. The word /ngo/ has been labeled as (polite formula) and is used to make suggestions or recommendations. However, none of these forms need be considered harsh or demanding; the tone of voice and context would determine how politely someone is being asked to do something.当给‘命令’，‘要求’或‘建议’时，有五个“语气的；情态的”字可以用。包括：/ssi/, /la/, /nia/, /ssa/ 和 /ngo/. 对 /ssi/ 此字的分析是比较不确定的，需要多一些的探讨。/ssi/ 和 /la/ 都是用于比较礼貌性的祈使语气。目前所拥有的数据显示： /ssi/ 涉及让某人从一处移到另一处，来完成所给的命令。好比叫某人带一张抹布过来帮忙洗碗，那么就可以用 /ssi/。若求人帮忙功课上的问题，就用 /la/ 字。/nia/ 的意思是‘需要，应该，必须（做某事）’；此字从不用在否定式。/ssa/ 字总是用于否定式，意思是‘不需要（做某事）’；可以作为 /nia/ 的否定式的替换物。 /ngo/ 字被标记为客套话的公式，准则，常用于提出建议或推荐。然而，以上所说的字，没有一个是被认为是严厉的或苛刻的; 讲话者的语气或声调，可以看出提出请求的人，所具有的礼貌上的程度。Compare 另见cexrddoniangossavarxielo ɮo³³
Yao'an Loxrlavu - English
l
labeir la³³be²¹n.名gecko壁虎/bìhǔ/Labeir mel lu leil maex gex dae a bberzzi ssu lel. 壁虎爬在墙上抓虫吃。Gecko's climb on the wall to catch and eat insects.It was reported that this word is not used in the village of Zhangjia.据说张家村那里不用此字。 Compare 另见biulceixturtarmerzziggala
laboxɮa³³po̠⁴⁴🔊NOM名词化(nominalizer); thing的/de/Ngua ake ca cirke hher dae, yel ngua zzor labox cirke bei a. 我们家里在了很多的人，所以我们做了很多吃的。There are a lot of people in our home, so we make a lot of food.Ni sulzzaggie ssi a mel, sul vaexr labox vae nia. 你去学校要买写字的东西。When you go to school, (you) need to buy things to write with./-ddu/ occurs in associative phrases, and associates a verb (phrase) with a noun or classifier. It is important to note that the function of the association is to describing an inherent quality of that noun. What kind of thing (living or otherwise) are we talking about? /qiaxrmeix cirddu yarper ar ddei/ 'a basin for washing the face'. This is in contrast to the particle /dae/ which also associates a verb (phrase) with nouns but is not describing a quality of that noun itself. /Ni veixr dae pia xiu/ 'the clothes you are wearing'. In constructions with a stative verb /nga/ 'be' or /zza/ 'exist', the /-ddu/ nominalizes the verb that precedes it. The /-ddu/ and the /labox/ have some overlap. The /-ddu/ attaches to a verb and nominalizes it to describe the inherent quality of that word, and the labox follows a verb to describe some kind of thing or item. So, for example, 'drink' can be /ddaddu/ drink NOM (something that is drinkable) or it can be /dda labox/ drink NOM (some thing or item that is a drink)--but the meaning comes out basically the same. A very common construction with the morpheme /-ddu/ is: verb + /-ddu/ + /(cirdoxr lei nr) zza/. /gexrddu cirdoxr lei nr zza/ 'not even a little bit of fear'. This pattern occurs with lots of different verbs. /ggie/ nominalizes dependent clauses. /Yar, ngo ddei ddar biar ggie mel, noni a./ 'S/he heard what I was saying.' /arddeir a/ nominalizes complete clauses or sentences. /Ngo mel Mixbbaex lei arddeir a./. 'I am one who comes from Mayou.' The /-ddu/ is an enclitic and is attached to form words of three syllables or less. Otherwise it is kept separate./ddu/ '的' 出现于联想习语，使一个动词(习语)，与一个名词或量词关联起来。重要的是注意联想意义的功能， 是在于描 述一个名词固有的, 内在的素质。我们是在描述什么呢(有生命的活物，或无生气的物质)? /qiarmeix cirddu yarper ar ddei/ '洗脸的盆子'。这与小品词 /dae/ 有所对比，/dae/ 使一个动词(习语)， 与一个名词关联起来， 但并不是在于描述那个 名词固有的, 内在的素质。/Ni veixr dae pia xiu/ '你穿着的衣服'。在有 /nga/ '是' 或 /zza/ '存在' 这两个状态动词的语气结构中，/ddu/ 使它前面那个动词转变为名词。/ddu/ 和 /labox/ 的功能有些重复。/ddu/ 与它前面那个动词相联而使其转变为名词， 并且描述这个名词固有的, 内在的素质。/labox/ 与它前面那个动词相联而使其转变为名词，而描述某样东西或项目。譬如说 /dda/ '喝' 有 /ddu/ 在后面成为 /ddaddu/ ‘喝 + 使名词化' (可以喝的饮料)。或者 /dda labox/ ‘喝 + 使名词化' (是饮料的某样东西)。这两种用法在此造成意思基本上相同的名词。/ddu/ 常有的结构是: 动词 + /ddu/ + /(cirdoxr lei nr) zza/. /gexrddu cirdoxr lei nr zza/ '一点都没什么可怕的'. 这个模式可以用于很多的动词。/ggie/ 使从属的子句名词化。/Yar, ngo ddei ddar biar ggie mel, noni a./ '他/她听到我说的。 /arddeir a/ 使一整个句子或子句名词化。Compare 另见=ddu=ggie=sudda laboxjir ddaexr laboxmex laboxlabox ɮa³³po̠⁴⁴
labbuɮa³³bɤ³³🔊n.名wall墙/qiáng/Loxrlapor ddei labbu mel nilhar bei teixl lei. 彝族人的墙是土做出来的。The Central Yi people's walls are made of mud./lu/ and /labbu/ are the same thing. They both refer to the walls of some structure, like a house. /weixrqiaxr/ is a Chinese Mandarin loan and refers to a wall around a property of some kind.Note 注意：/lu/ 和 /labbu/ 是一样的东西。都是指某建筑物（譬如说：房子）的墙。/weirqiar/ 是来自汉语的借词，是指围绕某一个地产的围墙。labbu ɮa³³bɤ³³
laelɮæ⁵⁵🔊v.动exchange; trade换/tìhuàn/Ngo ddei qixnex zze xiaxr a lei, ngo lael nr mael seir. 虽然我的鞋子穿坏了，我还没有时间换。Though my shoes are broken, I have not had time to exchange them (for new ones) yet.Seivi mu ssi a, pia lael nia. 去做客，要换衣服。When going (somewhere) to be a guest, (one) needs to change clothes.With this verb /-ddu/ or /-tei/ can be used to nominalize it, i.e. /laelddu/; or /laeltei/ The /-tei/ is not used with other verbs for this purpose.Compare 另见bolaelteilael ɮæ⁵⁵
laerɮæ²¹🔊RHET Q反问式(rhetorical question)(反问式/fǎnwèn shì/)Ni ngo leil ciryoxr-hanga lei ci, halae zzor labox mel lei jiujiu ci a laer? 每一样你都欺负我，连吃的也欺负我？You bother me in every way, are you even going to bother me concerning the food as well?1. It was reported that this word is not used in the village of ZhangJia.据说张家村那里不用此字。The words: /neil/, /ngo/, /leir/, /bbeixleir/ and /holbbaexl, are words that mark rhetorical questions. The word /neil/ can be used to confirm information as inː /Eil ddei zzor cexr cexr neil?/ 'This can be eaten, can't it?' Or it can have a sense of rebuking as inː /Ni arsaenga a, eine bei neil?/ 'Why did you do this?' The word /ngo/ is used in the sense of telling someone that s/he is doing something wrong, as in: /Ni ngo leil hol-nr-cir a ngo?/ 'You don't remember me, do you?' (You should remember me.) The word /leir/ commuicates irritation, as in: /Ni azo bei leir?/ 'What (in the world) are you doing?' The /bbeixleir/ is similar to the /leir/; it communicates irritation: /Ni azo ar ddei meddu zza bbeixleir?/ 'What do you have to say for yourself?' /holbbaexl/ is the only one of these words that occurs at the beginning of the clause and simply marks a rhetorical question, as in: Holbbaexl, ngo bei cox a? 'Did I do what was wrong?' (No.)
laerlaellaerlæ²¹læ⁵⁵læ²¹🔊adv.副lushly茂盛/màoshèng/Sixzzei mel laerlaellaer ner du lei a. 树茂盛地长起来了。The tree grows lushly.laerlaellaer læ²¹læ⁵⁵læ²¹
laexlɮæ̠⁶⁶🔊v. (secondary)次动falsly; pretend假/jiǎ/Aniux hal ddei yarma yar leil arssor a deil lei, yar nge laexl doxr dae. 那个孩子虽然她妈妈轻轻的打他，他一直在假的哭着。Though that child's mother softly spanked him/her, s/he pretend to cry and cry.Yar ngo leil saexl, nael halae nr saexl bei laexl dae. 她认识我，但还假装不认识。S/he knows me, and still pretended like (s/he) did not know (me).1. /yarma/ is the combination of /yar-/ and /ama/. /yarma/ 是 /yar-/ 和 /ama/ 的组合词。Secondary verbs differ from main verbs in that they never occur at the head of the verb phrase--they follow the main verb. If the main verb is not stated, the secondary verb still comes second and the main verb is replaced by /bei/ 'do 做'. For example, /nge laexl/ (cry pretend) is 'pretend to cry'. But if it is just 'pretend' without stating what is being pretended, then it is /bei laexl/ (do pretend). Secondary verbs differ from auxiliaries in that, while there is a logical and sequential relationship between the main verb and the secondary verb, the secondary verb does not make distinctions in the mood, timing or direction of the main verb. 次要动词与主要动词之分别是，次要动词从来不在动词子句之首，它们跟在主要动词之后。假如主要动词没有指明或出现，就用 /bei/ ‘做’来代表主要动词。譬如， /nge laexl/ （哭 装） 是 ‘装哭’。 假如只说 ‘装’而没有说装什么，就要说 /bei laexl/ (装做)。次要动词与助动词的不同是：次要动词与主要动词之间有逻辑上和顺序上的关系，助动词并不表明主要动词的时间， 方向，或情绪、语气。“A Dictionary of Linguistics & Phonetics” edited by David Crystal (Fifth Edition) defines serial verb constructions as “...a type of construction for a sequence of verbs or verb phrases within a clause (or sequence of clauses) in which the syntactic relationship between the items is left unmarked. The verbs share a semantic argument, but there is no conjunction or inflection to mark co-ordination or subordination.”由 David Crystal 主编的“A Dictionary of Linguistics & Phonetics” “语言学和语音学字典”对“动词序列”下的定义是 … 在一个从句（或一系列的从句）中，一系列的动词或动词短语的结构里面，项目之间的语法没有标记。 这些动词都带着或分担着共同语义的参数，但其间没有连接词或词形变化来指出同等或附属地位。laexl ɮæ̠⁶⁶
laexsaerɮa̠⁴⁴sæ²¹🔊n.名button; clasp; loop扣子/kòuzi/Gielco a mel, teixlsibbor pia xiux laexsaer kaex nr ssa. 热了，外衣的扣子就不用扣了。When it is hot, the buttons on the outside layer of clothes (coat) don't need to be buttoned.This word is used for a modern button or clasp as well as for the loops used in the traditional Chinese buttons.Compare 另见qixnexsaelsael
laexsaer ɮa̠⁴⁴sæ²¹
lagaxlddurɮa³³ka⁵⁵dv̩²¹🔊n.名cleft; crevice; ravine绝壁/juébì/Eilmaex gga lagaxlddur eil ddei yarzi neixl, yel ca mel arseir lei ssi naer nr bel. 这里的这个绝壁很深，所以每个人都不敢走近。This ravine here is extremely deep, so nobody dares goes near it./lagaxlddur/ is a ravine with steep sides; /lagiex/ is a valley wich may or may not have steep sides.Compare 另见ddurlagiexlagaxlddur ɮa³³ka⁵⁵dv̩²¹
lagiexɮa³³kʲæ̠⁴⁴🔊n.名valley山谷/shāngǔ/Worga eil nr ga agala gga mel, arsae neixlneixl lagiex zza. 在这两座山中间，有很深很深的山谷。Between these two mountains is a very deep valley./lagaxlddur/ is a ravine with steep sides; /lagiex/ is a valley wich may or may not have steep sides.Compare 另见lagaxlddurlagiex ɮa³³kʲæ̠⁴⁴
lagiex-laneixl la³³kʲæ̠⁴⁴-la³³ne̠⁶⁶idiom习语deep valley深谷/shēngǔ/Ngua mel, lagiex-laneixlmo halmel gga ssi ji dae. 我们走在深谷里。We are walking into a deep valley.lagiex-laneixl la³³kʲæ̠⁴⁴-la³³ne̠⁶⁶
lahoɮa³³-xo³³🔊v.动go as a guest bringing a gift送竹米/sòng zhú mǐ/Ngua mermi mel xiu mu a mel, laho nia. 我们地方，生孩子要送竹米。Where we are from, when (someone) gives birth, it is necessary to go as a guest bringing a gift.1. The word /laho/ is used when referring to taking a gift to someone else's home when someone in that house has just given birth. The word /lazziddex/ is used when referring to when a family who has just given birth invites guests who will be bringing gifts to their home. When a Yi woman gives birth, traditionally, the other members of the community give her useful things to help her. They often bring eggs placed in a basket of rice, and perhaps a live chicken. They visit a while and then leave the basket and things behind. However, these days it is more and more common to just give money.Compare 另见holazziddexlaho ɮa³³-xo³³
lajiuxdaex la³³tʃʲo̠⁴⁴tæ̠⁴⁴n.名ditch小沟/xiǎo gōu/Almer lei a, lajiuxdaex gga ajjix pe zei lei dae. 下雨了，小沟里，流着水。It rained and the water flowed down into the ditch.lajuxdaex la³³tʃʲy̠⁴⁴tæ̠⁴⁴
lalɮa⁵⁵🔊AUX (direction)助(方向)up上/shàng/Ngier mel xipaebbor vei lal ssi. 把瓦拿到房顶上去。Take the tiles up on the roof.Ni me so ssi a, worga darmumu hal ga leil maex lal. 你去找蘑菇，要从高高的那座山上爬上去。(When) you go gather mushrooms, (you) climb up on that very high mountain.An auxiliary (AUX) is defined as a word which accompanies the main verb in a clause and helps to make distinctions in the mood, timing or direction of the verb. Some verbs function as main verbs of movement as well as auxiliaries showing direction.助动词的定义是：一个字在子句或从句中，伴随着主要动词；可以帮助区分‘情绪，氛围’，‘时序，时机’或‘动词的方向’。 有一些词可以用作含有移动性的主要动词，或用作助动词以显明方向。Compare 另见i lalkor lalzza lallal ɮa⁵⁵
lalɮa⁵⁵🔊n.名time (repeated occurrences)次/cì/Mae eil co ni hormo lal cir a? Yarzi seibeix. 这块布你洗了几次？很干净。How man times did you wash this piece of cloth? It is very clean.Ngo pia xiux cir lal a cir seir dder cir xiaxr a. 我的衣服才洗了一次就洗坏了。I only washed my clothes one time and (they) were ruined.Lorbbor eil zul mel ngua cir lal a cir goxr seir. 这床被子我们只洗过一次。This blanket has only been washed once.1. This is for time-repeated occurrences./boxl/ 这是在时间上重复的事情。 lal ~ boxl ~ zaCompare 另见boxlzalal ɮa⁵⁵
lalalɮa³³ɮa⁵⁵🔊adv.副a little bit一点/yīdiǎn/Allur eil taex ggaxrsibbor ddu ho a, yel ajjix lalal a ji cexr. 这个锅上面通了，所以只能放一点水。The top part of this pot is has a hole in it, so only a little bit of water can be put in.Yar var zeixl a cor lalal a ji. 她煮菜盐巴放的少。S/he boiled vegetables and put in a little bit of salt.Yar no a, almeixr lalal a zzor. 他生病了，吃的饭少。S/he is sick, (and only) eats a little bit of food.Compare 另见lalallaajiaxl ʔa³³tʃʲa̠⁶⁶
Yao’an Loxrlavu Dictionary © 2018 SIL International®
