Yao'an Loxrlavu - English
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yaaʝa²³🔊pron. (3PL)复数第三人称代3PL它们；她们；他们/tāmen/Yaa cirddei-hanga lei cirmu bbeix su hal hhexr dax almeixr zzor ssi.他们每一个人都去娶媳妇的那家吃饭。All of them went to the groom's home to eat.Yaa, yaa ddei ssormaer leil si leil fu gger.她把她的女儿嫁给别人。They gave their daughter in marriage to somebody.Compare 另见ninia-nianguayaaʝa²³
yaa ddei yaaʝa²³ de³³ ʝa²³🔊pron. (INTENSIVE)强调代they themselves他们自己/tāmen zìjǐ/Ngo nr hher dae a mel, yaa ddei yaa almeixr bei lel, pia cir.我不在的时候，她们自己做饭，洗衣服。(When) I was not there, they themselves cooked food to eat, (and) did things like washing clothes.yaa ddei yaaʝa²³ de³³ ʝa²³
yaloxlsuʝa³³-ɮo̠⁶⁶-sɥ³³🔊n.名shepherd牧羊人/mùyángrén/Yaloxlsu mel cirni-cirni wordabbor ya loxl ssi.牧羊人每一天去山上放羊。Shepherds day after day take the sheep to the mountain to graze./yaloxlsu/ and /yaloxlmo/ both mean shepherd; this can be male or female.Compare 另见=suloxlyayaloxlmozzeirloxlsuyaloxlsi ʝa³³-ɮo̠⁶⁶-sɿ³³
yarʝa²¹🔊1pron. (3SG)单数第三人称代he; her; him; she她；他；它/tā/Yar mel ssormaer hal ddei ddei capor a.他是那个女人的丈夫。He is that woman's husband.Yar mel aniux xiu niazzir dae a.她快要生孩子了。She is about to have a baby.Veixr mel yar leil seixl lel du a nr saexl.猪不知道要杀它吃。The pig does not know (they) are about to kill and eat it.2pron. (3SG POSS. KIN)单数复第三人属领代（亲属领）her; his; itsYarma bir yarbbor leil so koxl vaer leixl, nael i dae a bir yarbbor leil leixl.他妈妈比他爸爸大三岁，但看起来比他爸爸年轻。His/her mother is three years older than his/her father, but looks younger than his/her father.Yar nimar nael, maerssor zza; yargo nael, maerssor nr zza.他弟弟呢，有妻子；他哥哥呢，没有妻子。As for his/her younger brother, (he) has a wife; his/her older brother, does not have a wife.Yarma nei yardaxl lei Arbosobo leil saexl.她妈妈和她姐姐都认识上帝。His/her mom and his/her older sister both know God.Ca hal ddei yar capor si a, aenge dae.那个人她丈夫死了，在哀哭。That person's husband died, (so she) sang a dirge.Arbbor mel yar aniux leil yarzi pernia.爸爸很关心他的孩子。A father loves his children very much.Ca hal hhexr mel yar ssormaer vaervaer ddei si leil meixl gger a.那家人把他大女儿嫁给（订婚）别人了。That family gave their oldest daughter to be engaged to someone.1. The /yarbbor/ is the combination of /yar-/ 'his/her' and /arbbor/ 'father'; /yarma/ is the combination of /yar-/ 'his/her' and /ama/ 'mother'. /yarbbor/ 是 /yar-/ 和 /arbbor/ 的组合词；/yarma/ 是 /yar-/ 和 /ama/ 的组合词。; 注意：/yargo/ 是 /yar-/ 和 /ago/ 的组合词。; 注意：/yarma/ 是 /yar-/ 和 /ama/ 的组合词；/yardal/ 是 /yar-/ 和 /adal/ 的组合词。The /yargo/ is the combination of /yar-/ and /ago/. /yarma/ is the combination of /yar-/ and /ama/; /yardal is the combinationo of /yar-/ and /adal/. The following is a brief summary of the what happens when pronouns or nouns are associated with kinship terms or other nouns. a) The plural pronouns don't change at all when associated with kinship terms. The only variation is that the GEN word /ddei/ is optional when the kinship term is referring to a person younger than the head pronoun. For exampleː for 1PL with older siblings it isː /ngua ddei ago/ 'our older.brother'; with younger siblings it isː /ngua (ddei) nimar/ 'our younger.brother' (the same thing is true for the inclusive form /niul/). For 2PL. with older siblings it isː /nia ddei ago/ 'yourPL older.brother'; with younger siblings it isː /nia (ddei) nimar/ 'yourPL younger.brother'. For 3PL with older siblings it isː /yaa ddei ago/ 'their older.brother'; with younger siblings it isː /yaa (ddei) nimar/ 'their younger.brother'. b) The singular pronouns have some changes when associated with kinship terms. For exampleː the 1SG with older siblings changes from /ngo/ to /nga-/ and one of the /a/ vowels is deleted, as in /ngago/ 'my older.brother' (rather than */nga ago/), but with younger siblings there is no changeː /ngo (ddei) nimar/ 'my younger.brother'. The 2SG with older siblings changes from /ni/ to /nia-/ and one of the /a/ vowels is deleted, as in /niadal/ 'yourPL older.sister' (rather than */nia adal/), but with younger siblings there is no changeː /ni (ddei) nimo/ 'yourSG younger.sister'. The 3SG with older siblings does not change with either older or younger sibling; it stays /yar-/--but one of the /a/ vowels is still deleted. For example, /yargo/ 'his/her older.brother'(rather than */yar ago/); /yar (ddei) nimar/ 'his/her younger.brother'. c) If a noun is associated with a kinship term, the 3SG pronoun is used when the kinship term is referring to someone who is older than that head noun. For example: 'that leader's mother' /vaervaerpor hal ddei yarma/ (leader that CLF 3SG-mother). With younger siblings the pronoun is replaced by an optional GEN /ddei/: 'that leader's son' /vaervaerpor hal ddei (ddei) ssor/ (leader that CLF (GEN) son. One other difference which occurs when nouns are associated with kinship terms is that the pronoun /yar-/ can be associated to plural kinship nouns if the context makes the meaning clear. So, for example, 'their older.brother' can be expressed using the plural pronoun /yaa/ 'they 他们' as in: /yaa ddei ago/ 'their older brother (3PL GEN older.brother). Or it can be expressed with the singular /yar-/ 's/he 他' as in: /yargo/ (3SG-older.brother). Again, this is only when the context makes it clear that the reference is plural. 'those leaders' mothers' could be /vaervaerpor halmel yaa ddei ama/ (leader those/that PL 3PL CLF mother) or /vaervaerpor halmel yarma/ (leader those/that PL 3SG-mother). Referring to younger family members: 'those leaders' sons' /vaervaerpor halmel (ddei) ssor/ (leader those/that PL (GEN) son). d) Finally, the word /ddei/ associates two non-kinship nouns or noun phrases. Example: /Xie hal zzir ddei yixrggie yarzi miur./ 'The bedrooms of that house are very many' (house that CLF ASSOC bedroom very many). The second sense of the word /ddei/ in an associative phrase is to expresses possession. For example: /Ngo ddei zzaegu ni ker si nr ddo./ 'You may not steal my things.' (1SG GEN thing you steal away not allowed).The term associative phrase comes from the book "Mandarin Chinese, A Functional Reference Grammar" by Charles N. Li and Sandra A., pp. 113-116, Thompson. University of California Press, 1981. Thanks to David Bradley, professor of linguistics at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia, for his insite on how this word functions.Compare 另见ninia-nianguayarʝa²¹
yar-ʝa²¹🔊1ASSOC联想意义pfx(associates a noun with its constituent)的/de/Sixzzei mel yarji zza, nael yarji mel nilhar gga ner ji dae.树有根，但是它的根长在地里。Trees have roots, but the roots are growing in the dirt.Cei dae lae a mel, yarne ddux nr var a.水稻种晚了，不会出穗了。When the rice is threshed late, (you) can't get the kernel out.Tur eil bbor yarzibbor ddu dae ho a, ajjix ji nr cexr a.这支桶的底已经通了不能装水了。The bottom of this barrel has a hole in it, water can't be put in.Baxlaxr peixl yarqir leil ardoxr kiexl a; ni sser nr ddo a.碗边上有一点坏了，你不能用了。The edge of the bowl is a bit broken; don't use it.Gurlir ar ddei a bbeix, ca ar ddei mel bbir bbir ddo, yel ca mel yarsirddur ddei naexr gex gger du lei a.有个故事说，有一个人爱放屁，所以人们把他的肛门给缝起来了。There is a story, about a person who farted a lot, so the people sewed shut his anus.(a) Sometimes the /yar-/ associates a noun with a second noun which is a constituent or member of that first noun. This construction often occurs with plants, with the head noun being the plant and the second, constituent noun being a part of that plant. It occurs when there are words between the head noun and the constituent noun. / Alcur zzei eil yoxr, yarsaer neixneixmo./ This type of thorn plant, its fruit is black. (thorn plant this type ASSOC seed black) /So mel, yarbexl yarzi miur./ 'Wheat, its chaff is a lot.' (wheat TOP ASSOC chaff very much). If the nouns are consecutive, the ASSOC /yar-/ is not needed. /Cei saer mel yarzi ye./ Rice fruit/seed is very small. (rice fruit/seed TOP very small). /So bexl mel zzor nr cexr./ 'Wheat chaff can not be eaten.' (wheat chaff TOP, eat not able). (b) The /yar-/ also associates a part of an inanimate item with its whole. The whole item is the head noun and the constituent is the second noun. Again, if there are words between the head noun and the constituent noun, the ASSOC /yar-/ is used. / Baxlaxr eil peil yarqier leil xiar./ 'This bowl, its edge is broken.' (bowl this CLF ASSOC edge POST.POS broken). /Tur eil bbor yarzibbor ddu dae a./ 'This barrel its bottom has a hole in it.' (barrel this CLF ASSOC bottom-on has.a.hole DUR BREATH.GROUP.MARKER) If the nouns are consecutive, the ASSOC /yar-/ is not needed. / Ngua ake qir leil sixzzei ar cux zza./ 'On the edge of our house, there is a tree.' (our house edge of tree a CLF have). /Baxlaxr qir ddei mel yarzi bei xiar so./ 'The edge of a bowl is very easy to break.' (bowl edge CLF TOP, very make broken easy). (c) On the other hand, for animals, when referring to body parts, the attribute word /ddei/ is used. /Bolvixr hal ddei ddei zzi yarzi igax zae./ That hog badger's skin is nice to look at. (hog.badger that CLF GEN skin very look.at.nice.looking. (d). And for people, when referring to body parts, neither /yar-/ or /ddei/ need be used. /Capor hal ddei leixrhher mel no a./ 'That man's arm is hurt.' (man that CLF arm TOP hurt BREATH.GROUP.MARKER). An animal's dead body is referred to using the /yar-/ as with plants or things,i.e., /Zalbbaer azo yarsima ar ddei pixl dae nr saexl, yarzi sael bbeirne./ 'Outside what body is discarded I don't know, it stinks very much.' (outside what ASSOC dead.body a CLF throw.away DUR NEG know).2ASSOC联想意义pfx(associates a noun with its modifier [usually an adjective])的/de/Zzirbbae eilzzu yarjiar arzzu.这些钱是一些假的。This money is fake.Yar pia xiux yarli loxr a, bbiexrbbiexlbbiexr nr zza.他的衣服旧了，没有亮的了。When his/her clothes got old, (they) didn't have any shine.Hor mel yarzzeir zzor nr cexr.不能吃生的肉。Raw meat must not be eaten.Var zeixl a, yarlillil a zeixl mel, zzor-nr-ci.煮菜单独的煮不好吃。(When) boiling vegetables, (if) they are boiled alone, they don't taste good.Wordabbor ciryoxr-hanga yaryir zza a, bir dae a bbeix, var yir, bbaer yir lei yarzi be.山上有各种野生的，比如说，野菜，野鸭都很多。On the mountain there are all kinds of wild things, for example, wild vegetables, and there are lots of wild ducks.Yar anol ddei mel anolssor nrnel cer a. Cir ddei nael yarbol; nrnel ddei nael yarmo.他的狗下了两个小狗。第一个是公的；第二个是母的。His/her dog gave birth to two puppies, the first one was a male; the second one was a female.Sometimes the /yar-/ associates a noun with an adjective. This does not happen with all nouns and adjectives but there is group of words that work this way. The pattern is the same as when /yar-/ associates a noun with a second noun which is a constituent or member of that first noun. If the noun and the adjective are consecutive, the /yar-/ is not used. So for the example /Var zeixl a, yarlillil a zeixl mel, zzor-nr-ci./ '(When) boiling vegetables, (if) they are boiled alone, they don't taste good.' (vegetable boil BREATH.GROUP.MARKER, ASSOC. alone BREATH.GROUP.MARKER boil TOP, not.delicious) Could also beː /Var zeixl a, var lillil a zeixl mel, zzor-nr-ci./ (vegetable boil REATH.GROUP.MARKER,vegetable alone REATH.GROUP.MARKER boil TOP, not.delicious). In other words, that /yar-/ can be replaced with the noun itself. Thanks to David Bradley, professor of linguistics at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia, for his insight on how this word functions. 感谢澳大利亚 墨尔本市的 拉特罗部 大学语言学教授 大卫卜莱德利 对此字的洞察力与見識。The term "associative phrase" comes from the book "Mandarin Chinese, A Functional Reference Grammar" by Charles N. Li and Sandra A., pp. 113-116, Thompson. University of California Press, 1981.'联想习语' 这个词语出自 查尔斯 N. Li 与 桑德拉 A. 所著的“普通话中文，功能参考文法”一书, 113-116 页，汤普森。加州大学出版社, 1981.Compare 另见nga-yarjiaryarzibboryarʝa²¹
yar ddei yarʝa²¹ de³³ ʝa²¹🔊pron. (INTENSIVE)强调代he himself; it itself; she herself他自己/tā zìjǐ/Aniux hal ddox ye seir lei, yar ddei yar pia veixr var a.虽然那个孩子还小，他自己会穿衣服了。Although that child is still small, he himself/she herself can put on (his/her) clothes.Niur hal ddei yar ddei yar beix du si arnar a, ngo yar leil nr ggaxr.那个牛只是它自己跑掉，我没有赶它。That cow just ran away by itself, I did not drive (it away).yar ddei yarʝa²¹ de³³ ʝa²¹
yarlil-yarhiexrʝa²¹ɮi⁵⁵-ʝa²¹xʲæ̠ʔ²¹🔊idiom习语closely packed together; dense密密麻麻/mì mì má má/Qiulxiu nrzeili goxr a, zzi gga ca yarlil-yarhiexr, ssi lei ssi bei nr ddo.过六月二十四，街上的人密密麻麻的，走也走不通。When celebrating the 24th of June (the Torch Festival), the people in the city are packed densely, (you) can't go (anywhere).wurdi-wurdarwɤ²¹ti³³-wɤ²¹ta²¹
yaryir-yargalʝa²¹ʝi²¹-ya²¹ka⁵⁵🔊idiom习语wild野/yě/Zzi gga goxr dae ca mel yaryir-yargal mel leil zzor meixr.城里的人喜欢吃野生的（食物）。People living in the cities like to eat wild (vegetables or meat).This applies to both animals and plants.这可以同样用于动物或植物。Compare 另见yiryarmer-yargalʝa²¹mɯ²¹-ya²¹ka⁵⁵
yarziʝa²¹-tsɿ³³🔊1adv.副really; truly真的/zhēnde/Yar yarzi ngo ddei capor nr nga, yar ngo ddei gaxggor carbeix larnga.他真的不是我的丈夫，他只是我的好朋友。He really is not my husband, he (is) my friend.2very很/hěn/Ngo nimar yarzi mu, si bbeix yar ngago sael a nga.我弟弟很高，别人说他像我哥哥。My younger brother is very tall, others say he is like my older brother.1. The /ngago/ is the combination of /nga-/ and /ago/. /ngago/ 是 /nga-/ 和 /ago/ 的组合词。/yarzi/ and /hazzi/ both mean 'very', but only /yarzi/ means 'really, truly'.yarzi ~ hazzi.Compare 另见daxlgaxlgoxlduxlhazzisayarzisaelziyarzi ʝa²¹-tsɿ³³
yarzisaelʝa²¹tsɿ³³-sæ⁵⁵🔊adv.副extremely特别/tèbié/Ssormaer hal ddox mel mu zzae mu, piu zzae piu, yarzisael zae.那个女人高又高，白又白，特别的漂亮。That woman is tall, white, (and) extremely pretty.Eil nr ni sael a mel, almer yarzisael lei vaer lei doxr, miar lei bei ssi nr cexr.这几天雨一直下得非常大，不可以去干活。These several days, it has continued to rain extremely hard, it is not even possible to go to work.Compare 另见daxlgaxlgoxlduxlsasaelyarziyarzisilʝa²¹tsɿ³³-sɿ⁵⁵
yarzzir-yarleixrʝa²¹dzɿ²¹-ʝa²¹le̠ʔ²¹idiom习语inconsiderate任意妄为/rènyì wàngwéi/Yarzzir-yarleixr ca halmel si dax bei tor nr xie.任意妄为的那些人没办法跟别人和睦。Those inconsiderate people don't get along with others.yarjjir-yarleixrʝa²¹dʒi²¹-ʝa²¹le̠ʔ²¹
Yao’an Loxrlavu Dictionary © 2018 SIL International®
