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paka- mod. non-past form; functions to encode the negative ability of an agent to do what the verb expresses; cannot do something. <This prefix co-occurs with the negative form adi.> Athidi bon nah hilong ta adi ka pakahuyop. It’s like that at night, too, so that you cannot sleep. Mu hanada ken iibana ya adi da pakatibo kediyen golang. But as for his companions, they could not see that child. (sem. domains: 9.2.9.1 - Verb affixes.)

painum (infl. of inum) caus. to nurse baby; cause someone to drink. Painumamam nan golang te naagangan. Nurse the baby because he is hungry. Mada-idaih ya pakayahyaak moppe te impainumanak hi liting. After a while, I could breathe again because she gave me a drink of water. pa‑ ‑an/impa‑ ‑an.

pa-at (infl. of at) trans. to copy an action; to imitate; to mimic speech. Adim ipa-at nah inat amam te nihalla. Do not imitate the thing your father did because it is wrong. i‑/iN‑. (sem. domains: 8.3.5.5 - Imitate.)

pa-i (sp. var. pai) 1trans. to destroy. Pa-iyon di puwok nan kinapya takun ab-abung. The storm will destroy the toy house we made. Puma-ih nitanom di dalalu. Hail destroys plants. ‑on/‑in‑, ‑um‑/‑imm‑. Class 4 Change of structure of object. Syn: bahbah. (sem. domains: 7.9.3 - Destroy.) 2intrans. to disrupt something, e.g. conversation, relationships. Pumappa-i kah te hay tutut mu. You disrupt kinship relationships because of your being quarrelsome. Puma-i kah hummangan mi te nabutog ka. You are disrupting our conversation because you are drunk. ‑um‑/‑imm‑. 3trans. to break an agreement, an extended meaning. Pina-i nay hummangan mi ta idat nad uwani nan binano na. He broke our agreement and so he will pay what he borrowed now. ‑in‑.

pa- -on (‑on) caus. this circumfix encodes non-past and a causative concept; it cross-references the patient-object relation rather than the causative agent. Hanadan tatagun maka-am-amlong ya paamlongon day ibba da ya paphodon nan maphod an kalyon day gibok nan mangngol. (Proverbs 15:30) The people who are very happy cause their companions to be happy and by the good things they say, they cause those who hear to feel good. Inun-unud day kalina ot pab-unon da nadan tatagu. (Luke 9:15) They followed what he said and had the people sit down. Sim: pa-. (sem. domains: 9.2.9.1 - Verb affixes.)

pa- -an this circumfix encodes non-past tense and a causative concept; it cross-references the site-object relation rather than the causative agent. Ne nganne, kon pangali yu on paamlonganak kediyen at-atton yu? (Isaiah 57:6c) So what about it, do you think that what you are doing makes me happy? Hin waday mumbagan dakayuh baddang ya idat yuy ibagana ya pabanhan yu nadan bumanon dakayu. (Mateo 5:42) If someone asks you for help, give what they ask for and loan to those who ask to borrow from you. Sim: impa- -an. (sem. domains: 9.2.9.1 - Verb affixes.)

pahyal (sp. var. pasyal) 1intrans. to take a walk without a specific destination or purpose; to stroll. Etaku munpahyal hidi nah shrine. Let us go take a walk to the shrine. Ipahyal mu tun ungad nabagtu ta adi umi-ingle. Take this child to the town center for a stroll so that he will not be bored. muN‑/nuN‑, i‑/iN‑. 1A Movement with a manner component. (sem. domains: 7.2.1.1 - Walk.) 2trans. to visit. Mumpahyal dad Lagawe. They are going to Lagawe for a visit. Pahyalom nadan inap-apum te pun-ibaga daka. Visit your grandchildren because they are asking for you. Pumahyal ka hi bale mi damdama. Visit our house also. muN‑/nuN‑, ‑on/‑in‑, ‑um‑. Sim: ay-ayyam, hungdu. (sem. domains: 4.2.1.4 - Visit.) Language Of Borrowing: Spanish: pasyal.

pahhiya intrans. to be boastful; considered to be a bad thing to do in the culture. Adi kayu munpahhiya te ad-adi. Do not be boastful because it is bad. (sem. domains: 3.5.1.7.3 - Boast.)

pagpag trans. to beat on something with the palm of the hand. Pagpagam nan gampa ta makakkaan nan nihudu. You beat on the basket so that it will be empty. Pagpagom nan panto te nakahhuyop da. Beat on the door because they are fast asleep. Eka mamagpag hi gumattangam hi ilukut. Go and beat on someone’s door to buy cigarettes. (understood that storekeeper is asleep) ‑on/‑in‑, ‑an/‑in‑ ‑an, maN‑. 4B Tactile - Touch contact. (sem. domains: 7.7.1 - Hit.)

paghing 1comm. the spur of a rooster. Ang-angom nan paghing nan manuk. Look at the spur of the chicken. (sem. domains: 1.6.1.2 - Bird.) 2trans. for a chicken to use its spur. [Although there is a specific word referring to a rooster, the word for chicken is more commonly used. Fighting cocks are trained to use their spurs viciously.] Adika mih-up nah manuk te paghingon daka. Do not go near the chicken because it will hit you with its spur. Pumaghing nan manuk hin mih-up ta. The chicken will hit with its spur if we go near it. Napaghingan mo nan poltan na. His rooster has already grown a spur. ‑on/‑in‑, ‑um‑/‑imm‑, ma‑ ‑an/na‑ ‑an. 4B Tactile - Touch contact. (sem. domains: 7.7.1 - Hit.)

pagan-anu intrans. to be concerned or worried. Adi da pagan-anu hin mumbahul dan hiya. They were not concerned about offending him. (sem. domains: 3.4.2.4.1 - Worried.) Language of Borrowing: Ilocano.

pagana sta. to be a clear liquid, e.g. water or rice wine; has involved the process of sediment settling to the bottom. Kanan day mapagana kanuy danum nah ob-ob an malpuh dopla. They say that the water in the spring coming from a rocky mountainside is cool and clear. Pumagana nan baya hin iha-ad mu ni-an hi hingkatang. The rice wine will become cool and clear if you let it settle for a while. ma‑, ‑um‑/‑imm‑. 6C Process or state of inanimate objects. (sem. domains: 1.2.3 - Solid, liquid, gas, 2.3.1.6 - Transparent.)

padngol (infl. of dongol) trans. to say something which is contemptuous or scornful; to insult; to make an allusion whether negative or positive; to insinuate. Adi maphod di mumpadngol ta hi ibban tagu. It isn’t good to insult anybody. Adim padngolan hi tulang mu. Don’t insult your sister. Mumpadngol bo da ama an malahin ka. Father is insinuating again that you should get married. Padngolan dakan dida te nan inat mu. They will make negative allusions to the thing you did. mumpa‑/numpa‑, pa‑ ‑an/impa‑ ‑an. (sem. domains: 3.5.1.8.2 - Insult.)

paddungnay (der. of paddung) advpred. the form functions to make a comparison of an action or event with another; a predication of a simile. Paddungnay happiyo da nan ongal an pamhod mu. It is like their shield is your great love. Comparative. (sem. domains: 8.3.5.2 - Compare.)

paddi 1sta. for two actions or events to occur at the same time; coincidentally. Eyak umali mu nipaddi an immudan. I was about to come but it happened to rain. Mipapaddih aliyan yu ya dumatong hi Bugan. Your coming will coincide with Bugan’s arrival. mi‑/ni‑. Sim: dihhan. (sem. domains: 8.4.5 - Relative time.) 2trans. to do something at the same time as another event. Paddiyom hi baleda ot dehdi nah himbatangan. Go see him in their house; anyway he is there in the afternoon. Ipaddi yun umali tu hin maidak hitu. Come here when I am not here. ‑on/‑in‑, i‑/iN‑. 4F Adjacency/Adjoining actions.

paddapadda₁ adjunct. come-what-may attitude; what will be, will be; carefree. Paddapadday punnomnom din unga. The boy has the attitude of come-what-may. Attitudinal. (sem. domains: 3.4.1.2.1 - Relaxed.)

padang 1comm. bracelets, leg bands, worn on legs by males, made of copper. Kinapya dah padang nan giniling. They made the copper into a leg-bracelet. Gen: gamgam₁. (sem. domains: 5.4.1 - Jewelry.) 2intrans. to wear ankle bracelet. Mumpadang nan imbabalem te manayo da. Your son will wear leg-bracelets because they will perform the native dance. muN‑/nuN‑.

pab-owon (bao₂) 1trans. (fig) an extended meaning of cool, i.e. to cool off when angry. Pab-owom nan boh-ol mu ne ahik ayagan. Cool off your anger then I will call him. pa‑ ‑on/impa‑ ‑on. 2pass. cooled off. Nab-oy bungot na. His anger was cooled off.

oyob trans. to bend something in a certain direction. Oybom nan hapang ta pugahok nan bungana. Bend the branch down so that I can gather the coffee beans. May-ob nan kawayan hin oltonay dibdib. The bamboo bends if there is a strong wind. ‑on/‑in‑, ma‑/na‑. 4C Convey/bring object toward agent. (sem. domains: 7.3.2 - Move something in a direction.)

oya₂ (fr. var. hiya₄) int. a tag question form to evoke a confirmation of a statement; Isn’t it so? right? don’t you? Hinaey kinalim, oya? That’s what you said, isn’t it? Kulugom, oya? You believe, don’t you? (sem. domains: 9.2.3.4 - Question words.)

otok advpred. to be excessive; to overstate or exaggerate. It-ok day binlan Bugan. They exaggerated the beauty of Bugan. It-ok na damdama an manginum. He drinks excessively also. i‑/iN‑. Comparative.

ot-ok intrans. to harp on the same thing; to talk about someone or something continually. It-ok day binlan Bugan. They talked continuously about Bugan. It-ok day ulena. They talk so much about her kindness. i‑/iN‑. (sem. domains: 3.5.1 - Say.)

otbol 1comm. water coming from the ground; a spring. Adi matduk nan payo te waday otbol nah gawwana. The rice paddy will not dry up because there’s a spring at its center. Sim: hobwak, ob-ob₁. (sem. domains: 1.3 - Water.) 2intrans. to have water seeping out of the ground. Mun-otbol nah daulon nan bale ya paniowon di ammod. Water is seeping out of the ground and the old folks say it is a bad omen. muN‑/nuN‑.

otan 1trans. to move the location of something. It-an da nan bale da nah tap-on di wa-el. They will move their house above the creek. Umit-an kah boga nah kulbung. Transfer some rice to the rice-container. i‑/iN‑, ‑umi‑/‑immi‑. 3A Move and position object at site. Sim: aldan. (sem. domains: 7.3.2 - Move something in a direction.) 2ref. to change places; to transfer oneself to another location. Nun-ottan da hi ubunan. They changed seats. Mun-ottan da kanuh kiha-adan. They will transfer to another place to stay. Adika mun-ota-otan hi ubunan. Do not transfer from one seat to another. muN‑/nuN‑.

ota 1comm. the unhusked rice grains mixed with the husked rice. Dakol di otan nan binayu da. The rice they pounded has many unhusked grains. (sem. domains: 5.2 - Food.) 2trans. to remove unhusked rice grains. Otaan yu nan boga ta ahiyu ihaang. Remove the unhusked rice grains before cooking it. Pun-otaan yu nan nambayu. Remove the unhusked rice grains. ‑an/‑in‑ ‑an. 3comm. (fig) refers to someone who is different from others within a group. Kay otan nikamkamo nadah tatagu. He was so prominent (lit. very different) mixed there with people. (sem. domains: 8.3.5.2.3 - Different.) id. kay ota