gʷɨɗɨɮ nm. belch éructer (11 groups, 23 languages) C rel. to: hʷɨɗɨɬ ʸ.
This root is very difficult to reconstruct. The most secure part of the root is the *ɮ, which is present in all reflexes, though it is devoiced in Proto-Kotoko North. The voiced fricatives *z and *v are devoiced in Proto-North Kotoko-Musgum, so this may be part of a general devoicing of fricatives. In many languages there is a glottal element, and in many there is a voiced velar. In Mbudum and Giziga Moutourwa there is evidence for three consonants in the root. The initial consonant is reconstructed as *gʷ. The labialisation is retained in Mafa, Bura and Margi, and is vocalised in Hdi. The *g is retained in Mbudum, Mafa, Matal, Glavda, Ouldeme and Mada. In Hdi it has become /ŋ/, and in Giziga Moutourwa it has become /ʔ/. These are unestablished changes. In the Margi group the *gʷ and *ɗ have merged, creating /ɓʷ/ and /ʔʷ/, which is a common sporadic process. The *ɗ is retained in several languages, and in Mbudum, Gemzek, Merey and Giziga Moutourwa it has the reflex /r/, which is an unestablished change. In Kotoko North is has fused with *ɬ to create the ejective *ɬʼ. As one might expect, the root for 'belch' is the voiced equivalent of the root for 'cough'.
1Proto-Daba *gɨɗɨɮ belch éructer 1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ɗɑɮ belch éructer, rôter 1.2) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ŋɡəɾɮ belch éructer, rôter
2Proto-Mafa *gʷɨɗɨɮa belch éructer 2.1) Mafa (Barreteau) guɮa rôter 2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ɗaɮa belch éructer, rôter
3Proto-Hurza *ɗɨɮa belch éructer 3.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ɗəɮe to belch roter 3.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ̀ɮànáŋà belch éructer
4Proto-Margi *ɮaɠʷi belch éructer 4.1) Bura (Blench) ɮàɓʷì To belch 4.2) Margi (Hoffman) ɮaʼwi to belch
5Proto-Mandara *gɨɮa belch éructer 5.1) Matal màɡɮáj belch éructer 5.2) Malgwa (Löhr) iidhla burp 5.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) gɨ̀ɮᵊga belch
6Proto-Mofu *gɨɗɨɮ belch éructer 6.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) gə̀ɮàj burp éructer ; rôter 6.2) Mada (Nkoumou) meᵑgɮea éructer, rôter 6.3) Zulgo (Haller) ɮeɮe roter 6.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) mereɮe belch éructer, rôter 6.5) Merey (Gravina) raɬ belch éructer, rôter 6.6) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ́ɗəɮ éructer
7Proto-Maroua *ʔɨrɮɨʔɨ ʸ belch éructer 7.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ʼirɮiʼi roter
8Proto-Lamang *ŋɨɮu belch éructer 8.1) Hdi (Bramlett) ŋəɮu to belch, to burp éructer, roter
9Proto-Higi *ɮi belch éructer 9.1) Bana (Lienhard) ɮí éructer, rôter
10Proto-Kotoko North *ɬʼa belch éructer 10.1) Afade (Allison) ɬʼe; ɬʼaun belch éructer, rôter 10.2) Mpade (Allison) là msʼò belch éructer, rôter 10.2.1) Mpade (Allison) msʼò burp rot
11Proto-Kotoko Centre *iɬi belch éructer 11.1) Lagwan (Allison) gel iɬi belch éructer, rôter
This root is very difficult to reconstruct. The most secure part of the root is the *ɮ, which is present in all reflexes, though it is devoiced in Proto-Kotoko North. The voiced fricatives *z and *v are devoiced in Proto-North Kotoko-Musgum, so this may be part of a general devoicing of fricatives. In many languages there is a glottal element, and in many there is a voiced velar. In Mbudum and Giziga Moutourwa there is evidence for three consonants in the root. The initial consonant is reconstructed as *gʷ. The labialisation is retained in Mafa, Bura and Margi, and is vocalised in Hdi. The *g is retained in Mbudum, Mafa, Matal, Glavda, Ouldeme and Mada. In Hdi it has become /ŋ/, and in Giziga Moutourwa it has become /ʔ/. These are unestablished changes. In the Margi group the *gʷ and *ɗ have merged, creating /ɓʷ/ and /ʔʷ/, which is a common sporadic process. The *ɗ is retained in several languages, and in Mbudum, Gemzek, Merey and Giziga Moutourwa it has the reflex /r/, which is an unestablished change. In Kotoko North is has fused with *ɬ to create the ejective *ɬʼ. As one might expect, the root for 'belch' is the voiced equivalent of the root for 'cough'.
1Proto-Daba *gɨɗɨɮ belch éructer 1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ɗɑɮ belch éructer, rôter 1.2) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ŋɡəɾɮ belch éructer, rôter
2Proto-Mafa *gʷɨɗɨɮa belch éructer 2.1) Mafa (Barreteau) guɮa rôter 2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ɗaɮa belch éructer, rôter
3Proto-Hurza *ɗɨɮa belch éructer 3.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ɗəɮe to belch roter 3.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ̀ɮànáŋà belch éructer
4Proto-Margi *ɮaɠʷi belch éructer 4.1) Bura (Blench) ɮàɓʷì To belch 4.2) Margi (Hoffman) ɮaʼwi to belch
5Proto-Mandara *gɨɮa belch éructer 5.1) Matal màɡɮáj belch éructer 5.2) Malgwa (Löhr) iidhla burp 5.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) gɨ̀ɮᵊga belch
6Proto-Mofu *gɨɗɨɮ belch éructer 6.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) gə̀ɮàj burp éructer ; rôter 6.2) Mada (Nkoumou) meᵑgɮea éructer, rôter 6.3) Zulgo (Haller) ɮeɮe roter 6.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) mereɮe belch éructer, rôter 6.5) Merey (Gravina) raɬ belch éructer, rôter 6.6) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ́ɗəɮ éructer
7Proto-Maroua *ʔɨrɮɨʔɨ ʸ belch éructer 7.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ʼirɮiʼi roter
8Proto-Lamang *ŋɨɮu belch éructer 8.1) Hdi (Bramlett) ŋəɮu to belch, to burp éructer, roter
9Proto-Higi *ɮi belch éructer 9.1) Bana (Lienhard) ɮí éructer, rôter
10Proto-Kotoko North *ɬʼa belch éructer 10.1) Afade (Allison) ɬʼe; ɬʼaun belch éructer, rôter 10.2) Mpade (Allison) là msʼò belch éructer, rôter 10.2.1) Mpade (Allison) msʼò burp rot
11Proto-Kotoko Centre *iɬi belch éructer 11.1) Lagwan (Allison) gel iɬi belch éructer, rôter
