Search results for "hɨna"

hɨna v. lie down se coucher (8 groups, 21 languages) A
The basic sense is 'to lie down in order to sleep', but is extended to include 'give birth' in some languages. It is also used to denote the period of time when someone is asleep or extended periods in general, and in at least one language the nominalised form has the sense of a 'day', i.e. a period of twenty-four hours. The root is not found in any languages of the South sub-branch, except for Cuvok where this may be one of many borrowings from Mofu-Gudur. The *h has been lost in several Mofu group languages, and there has been metathesis of the *h and *n in Cuvok and Mbuko.

1Proto-Mafa *naha lie down se coucher 1.1) Cuvok (Gravina) naha lie down se coucher

2Proto-Hurza *hɨna lie down se coucher 2.1) Mbuko (Gravina) nahaj lie_down coucher 2.2) Vame (Kinnaird) hə̀nákádè lie down coucher

3Proto-Mandara *hɨna lie down se coucher 3.1) Matal (Branger) mahən hiŋ, mahin ~ lie down coucher 3.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) həna 1 coucher 3.2.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) həna 2 passer la nuit 3.2.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) həna 3 rester longtemps 3.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) xɨ́ᵑgàna lie down

4Proto-Mofu *hɨna lie down se coucher 4.1) Zulgo (Haller) hə́ná se coucher 4.2) Zulgo (Haller) hə́ná passer la nuit 4.3) Gemzek (Sabatai) mehəne lie down se coucher 4.4) Merey (Gravina) həna lie down se coucher 4.5) Dugwor (Jubumna) manaj lie down se coucher 4.6) Mofu North (Barreteau) ménēj se coucher 4.6.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) ménēj passer la nuit 4.6.2) Mofu North (Barreteau) ménēj durer 4.7) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ́n sleep dormir, se coucher ; passer la nuit ; durer

5Proto-Maroua *hɨn lie down se coucher 5.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) hən lie down se coucher 5.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) hən accoucher

6Proto-Lamang *hini lie down se coucher 6.1) Lamang (Wolff) hini sleep, lie down 6.2) Hdi (Bramlett) hanadata lie down to sleep se coucher

7Proto-Higi *hɨni lie down se coucher 7.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) hinigʷə lie down. 7.2) Kirya (Blench) hàànə́ to lie down 7.3) Bana (Lienhard) xə̀ní se coucher

8Proto-Kotoko Island *hɨnaj lie down se coucher 8.1) Buduma (McKone) hənaj lie down se coucher
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ɬɨɗɨn ʸ nf. tooth dent (18 groups, 53 languages) B
This root is found in all groups, and can be reconstructed for Proto-Chadic and in other branches of Afroasiatic. *ɬ behaves as expected, having the regular reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch and other regular reflexes such as /l/, /s/ and /h/ in individual languages or group proto-languages. The final *n has the regular reflex *r in the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group. *ɗ is reconstructed based on data from the Daba and Lamang groups. In the Daba group, the reflex /ɗ/ is found. In the Lamang group the Lamang language has /d/ and Hdi has /ʔ/, giving good grounds for reconstructing *ɗ. In the Hurza group, the Vame word gives support for a middle consonant in the root, but does not provide support for *ɗ itself. Under palatalisation,
regularly becomes /j/ in most languages, which accounts for its absence in some cases. There is evidence for the palatalisation prosody from almost all groups where it is a productive feature.

1Proto-Bata *ɮinɨ ʸ tooth dent 1.1) Bata (Boyd) linto tooth 1.2) Gude (Hoskinson) lìnjínə (inher. poss., body part) tooth, teeth 1.3) Jimi (Djibi) linjən Dent 1.4) Sharwa (Gravina) linjə Dent 1.5) Tsuvan (Johnston) ɮine la dent

2Proto-Daba *ɮɨɗaŋ ʸ tooth dent 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ɮəɗeŋ tooth dent 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ɮiɗeŋ tooth dent

3Proto-Mafa *ɮan ʸ tooth dent 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ɮene dent 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ɮeŋ tooth dent

4Proto-Tera *ɮin tooth dent 4.1) Tera (Newman) ɮin tooth (general term and incisor) 4.2) Nyimatli (Harley) ɮin tooth

5Proto-Sukur *ɮɨn ʸ tooth dent 5.1) Sukur (David) ɮjin tooth 5.2) Sukur (Thomas) ɮin teeth:- is something in the mouth for both human and animal usually for eating and bitting.

6Proto-Hurza *ɬahan tooth dent 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ɬan tooth dent 6.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ɬāhán tooth dent

7Proto-Margi *ɬɨr ʸ tooth dent 7.1) Margi (Hoffman) hjir tooth 7.2) Margi South (Harley) hjir tooth 7.2.1) Margi South (Hoffman) hjir tooth 7.3) Kilba (Hoffman) hjir tooth 7.3.1) Kilba (Schuh) hjir tooth 7.4) Bura (Blench) ɬir Tooth (Preferably 'hlir') (BR) 7.4.1) Bura (Blench) hir Tooth 7.4.2) Bura (Blench) hjir, hir Tooth, teeth

8Proto-Mandara *ɬɨrɨ ʸ tooth dent 8.1) Matal (Branger) ɬɪ᷆ɗ tooth dent 8.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ɬira,-ə dent 8.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) ɬáré dent (f), défense d'éléphant, tranchant de la lame d'un instrument, croc d'un animal 8.4) Malgwa (Löhr) thlaare tooth 8.5) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ɬr̀ɗa tooth 8.6) Dghwede (Frick) ɬire tooth

9Proto-Mofu *ɬɨr ʸ tooth dent 9.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) āɬár tooth dent 9.2) Muyang (Smith) aɬər tooth dent 9.3) Mada (Nkoumou) aɬár dent 9.4) Moloko (Friesen) aɬar tooth dent 9.5) Zulgo (Haller) ɮír dent f. 9.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) ɮer tooth dent 9.7) Merey (Gravina) ɮer tooth dent 9.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɮer tooth dent 9.9) Mofu North (Barreteau) ɬér dent 9.10) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɬer dent ; croc, défense (d'éléphant)

10Proto-Maroua *ɬɨn ʸ tooth dent 10.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ɬiŋ dent 10.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) ɬin tooth dent 10.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) ɬiŋ dent 10.3.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) híŋ tooth dent

11Proto-Lamang *ɬiɗiŋ tooth dent 11.1) Lamang (Wolff) ɬidiŋ teeth 11.2) Hdi (Bramlett) ɬiʼiŋ tooth la dent

12Proto-Higi *ɬinɨ tooth dent 12.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ɬino tooth 12.2) Kirya (Blench) ɬàj tooth 12.3) Psikye (Angelo) ɬənə́ tooth 12.4) Bana (Lienhard) ɬìnì dent

13Proto-Kotoko Island *hɨnaj tooth dent 13.1) Buduma (McKone) hənaj dent.

14Proto-Kotoko North *ɬɨr tooth dent 14.1) Afade (Allison) ɬɨr tooth dent 14.2) Mpade (Allison) ʃán tooth dent 14.3) Malgbe (Allison) ɬɨr tooth dent

15Proto-Kotoko Centre *ɬɨni tooth dent 15.1) Lagwan (Allison) ɬɨni tooth dent 15.2) Mser (Allison) sɨr tooth dent

16Proto-Kotoko South *sin tooth dent 16.1) Zina (Odden) sìn tooth dent 16.2) Mazera (Allison) sine tooth dent

17Proto-Musgum *ɬɨŋ tooth dent 17.1) Vulum (Tourneux) ɬɨŋɬɨŋ dent

18Proto-Gidar *ɬaja tooth dent 18.1) Gidar (Schuh) ɬaja, dent 18.2) Gidar (Hungerford) ɬaja dent
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nɨh v. to ripen mûrir (16 groups, 34 languages) A
The basic meaning of this verb refers to the ripening of fruit or of millet. The final *h has been lost in several groups, which is a common sporadic process. It has the unestablished reflexes *ɣ in Proto-Margi and *k in Proto-Higi.

1Proto-Bata *na ripen mûrir 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) na fill, become full 1.1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) na ripen 1.1.2) Gude (Hoskinson) na be ready for use 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) nan 1 - Remplir ;; 2 - Mûrir

2Proto-Daba *na ripen mûrir 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ripen, become ripe mûrir 2.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ferment fermenter 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ferment (alcohol) (v) fermenter 2.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) ripen mûrir 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) kəna (be) ripe (être) mûr (fruit) 2.3.1) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) kəna ripen, become ripe mûrir 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) mûrir

3Proto-Mafa *nɨh ripen mûrir 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ⁿdəh mûrir 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) nəhaj ripen, become ripe mûrir 3.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) manha (be) ripe (être) mûr (fruit)

4Proto-Sukur *nɨh ripen murir 4.1) Sukur (Thomas) nəh ripe; fully grown and ready to be eaten.

5Proto-Hurza *nah ripen mûrir 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) nah ripen murir 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ⁿdə́hā ripen faire mûrir 5.2.1) Vame (Kinnaird) ⁿdə́hà ripen ; mature mûrir

6Proto-Margi *nɨɣa ripen mûrir 6.1) Bura (Blench) nɣa To be ripe, to ripen 6.2) Kilba (Schuh) na/ə ripen

7Proto-Mandara *hɨna ripen mûrir 7.1) Matal (Branger) màhᵊ̀nāj ripen mûrir 7.2) Malgwa (Löhr) na ripen

8Proto-Mofu *nɨhʷ ripen mûrir 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ānúhʷ mature, ripe mûr 8.1.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) nùhʷ ripen mûrir ; cuire 8.2) Mada (Nkoumou) mánah cuire (mûrir) 8.2.1) Mada (Nkoumou) ménehéŋ cuire (faire-, faire mûrir) 8.3) Moloko (Friesen) nah ripen, mature mûrir 8.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) manaha ripe mûr (fruit) 8.4.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) menehi murir 8.4.2) Gemzek (Sabatai) menehe ripen, become ripe mûrir 8.5) Merey (Gravina) nah (be) mature mûrir, être mûr, mature 8.6) Dugwor (Jubumna) mənəhej (be) ripe (être) mûr (fruit) 8.6.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) mənəhej ripen, become ripe mûrir 8.7) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ́nəh mûrir

9Proto-Maroua *nɨh ʸ ripen mûrir 9.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) nih(i) remplir 9.1.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) nih(i) fermenter 9.1.2) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) nih(i) mûrir 9.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) mənihan (be) ripe (être) mûr (fruit) 9.2.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) mənihaŋ ripen, become ripe mûrir

10Proto-Higi *naka ripen mûrir 10.1) Psikye (Angelo) naká ripe 10.2) Bana (Lienhard) náká mûrir (grains, chose qu'on doit préparer)

11Proto-Kotoko Island *no ripen murir 11.1) Buduma (McKone) no mûrir, être cuite.

12Proto-Kotoko North *na ripen mûrir 12.1) Afade (Allison) no na (be) ripe (être) mûr (fruit) 12.2) Mpade (Allison) ripen, become ripe mûrir 12.2.1) Mpade (Allison) (be) ripe (être) mûr (fruit) 12.3) Malgbe (Allison) nawun ripen, become ripe mûrir 12.3.1) Malgbe (Allison) nawun (be) ripe (être) mûr (fruit)

13Proto-Kotoko Centre *naha ripen mûrir 13.1) Mser (Allison) tɨna ripen, become ripe mûrir 13.1.1) Mser (Allison) naha (be) ripe (être) mûr (fruit)

14Proto-Kotoko South *wɨnha ripen mûrir 14.1) Zina (Odden) wùnhà ripen, become ripe mûrir

15Proto-Musgum *niji ripen mûrir 15.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) niji entrer, faire l'amour 15.1.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) niji mûrir

16Proto-Gidar *ɨnaha ripen murir 16.1) Gidar (Schuh) ənaha murir 16.2) Gidar (Hungerford) unaha mûrir
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