Search results for "hʷɨp"

ɣʷɨpa nf. flour farine (12 groups, 36 languages) B
In Proto-Central Chadic, *p had the allophone [p] in word-medial position. However, in Proto-Daba and Proto-Mafa we find *f, which is unestablished. *p has become /ᵐb/ in Vame and the Tokombere subgroup of the Mofu group, which is also an unestablished change. *ɣʷ has the usual wide range of reflexes, and in some cases has been lost. In Sukur and Proto-Margi the labialisation component has transferred onto *p, which is a common sporadic process.

1Proto-Bata *hʷɨpɨ flour farine 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ə̀mpúnə flour (from any grain) 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) pun Farine 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) pʷə farine 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) ahpʷe la farine

2Proto-Daba *ŋfa flour farine 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ŋfɑ flour farine 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ŋfɑ flour farine 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) n̩fa flour farine

3Proto-Mafa *gʷɨfa flour farine 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) gúfá farine 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) kəfa flour farine

4Proto-Sukur *pʷa flour farine 4.1) Sukur (David) powa flour, millet 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) pʷa flour; a fine white or brown powder made from grain, especially guineacorn, maize, etc.

5Proto-Hurza *hɨᵐbɨga flour farine 5.1) Vame (Kinnaird) hə̀ᵐbə̀gà flour farine

6Proto-Margi *ɨpʷɨ flour farine 6.1) Bura (Blench) mpʷa Flour, meal 6.2) Margi (Hoffman) əmpu flour 6.3) Margi South (Hoffman) upau flour 6.4) Kilba (Hoffman) upʷa flour 6.4.1) Kilba (Schuh) upʷa/up flour

7Proto-Mandara *kʷɨpɨ flour farine 7.1) Matal (Branger) phaw flour farine 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) pəhʷa,-u farine 7.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) úkpé farine (f) 7.4) Malgwa (Löhr) ukpa flour 7.5) Glavda (Owens) ax guinea corn flour 7.5.1) Glavda (Nghagyiva) àxʷpíja flour

8Proto-Mofu *ɣʷɨpa flour farine 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) hūᵐbò flour farine 8.2) Muyang (Smith) huᵐbu flour farine 8.3) Moloko (Friesen) hoᵐbo farine 8.3.1) Moloko (Friesen) həᵐbo flour farine 8.4) Proto-Meri *gʷɨfa flour farine 8.5) Zulgo (Haller) gùfá farine f. 8.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) gufa flour farine 8.7) Merey (Gravina) gufo flour farine 8.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) gufo flour farine 8.9) Mofu North (Barreteau) hápà farine 8.10) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) hapa flour farine

9Proto-Maroua *hapa flour farine 9.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) hapa farine 9.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) hapa flour farine

10Proto-Lamang *hʷɨpaw flour farine 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) hʷpo flour 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) hupu flour la farine

11Proto-Higi *ɣʷɨpɨ flour farine 11.1) Kirya (Blench) ɣùpə́ flour 11.2) Bana (Lienhard) ɣʷə̀pə̀ farine

12Proto-Gidar *gɨpa flour farine 12.1) Gidar (Hungerford) gɨɨpa farine
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hʷɨp nf. tree arbre (9 groups, 24 languages) A
The initial *hʷ has been retained in Proto-Mandara and Proto-Mofu. In Proto-Mafa, Proto-Sukur, Proto-Lamang, Proto-Higi and Proto-Kotoko South it has the reflex *w. In Proto-Bata, Proto-Margi and some of the Higi group languages, the *hʷ has been lost and the labialisation has transferred onto *p. These are common sporadic processes. The /n/ prefix in Podoko and Mandara and the /ma/ prefix in Zina are compensation for the lost *hʷ. Proto-Central Chadic *p was realised as [f] in word-final position, and this has led to the phonemicization of *f in the group proto-languages.

1Proto-Bata *fʷɨgɨ tree arbre 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ə̀nfʷá - ə tree 1.1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) uf 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) fʷən Nom général de l'arbre. 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) fʷəgə Arbre 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) fʷege l'arbre

2Proto-Mafa *waf tree arbre 2.1) Mafa (Barreteau) wáf arbre

3Proto-Sukur *fwaj tree arbre 3.1) Sukur (David) fwoj tree 3.2) Sukur (Thomas) fwai tree; is the general term for tree.

4Proto-Margi *fʷɨ tree arbre 4.1) Bura (Blench) nfʷa Tree 4.2) Margi (Hoffman) wu tree 4.3) Kilba (Schuh) wa tree

5Proto-Mandara *hʷɨfa tree arbre 5.1) Matal (Branger) āhàf tree arbre 5.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) nafá,-ə 1 arbre 5.2.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) nafá,-ə 2 bois 5.2.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) nafá,-ə 3 médicament indigène 5.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) náfá arbre (m) 5.4) Glavda (Owens) u tree 5.4.1) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ùːfa tree 5.5) Dghwede (Frick) ʔufa tree

6Proto-Mofu *hʷaf tree arbre 6.1) Muyang (Smith) hɑf medicine remède 6.1.1) Muyang (Smith) hɑf tree arbre 6.2) Dugwor (Jubumna) hʷaf tree arbre

7Proto-Lamang *fwɨ tree arbre 7.1) Lamang (Wolff) ufu tree 7.2) Hdi (Bramlett) fu tree l'arbre

8Proto-Higi *wɨfɨ tree arbre 8.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) fʷə tree 8.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) fʷə tree 8.1.2) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) fʷə́ Plant 8.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) fʷo tree 8.3) Kirya (Blench) fʷə̀ tree in general 8.4) Psikye (Angelo) wufə́ tree 8.5) Bana (Lienhard) fə́ arbre

9Proto-Kotoko South *mafwɨ tree arbre 9.1) Zina (Odden) màfù tree arbre
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hʷɨpɨɗ v. bite mordre (5 groups, 15 languages) B cf: zɨm; syn: dzaj.
The basic sense of this verb is to bite or chew solid food items. Proto-Central Chadic *p was realised as [p] in word-medial position, and this is the form found in all the data. *p has the reflexes *b in Proto-Margi and /ᵐb/ in Mofu-Gudur, which are unestablished changes. The *hʷ is retained in the Mandara group, and has the reflexes /h/ in Proto-Mofu and /x/ in Lamang, which are common sporadic changes.

1Proto-Hurza pɨj eat manger 1.1) Mbuko (Gravina) pa eat manger 1.2) Vame (Kinnaird) píyā eat manger

2Proto-Margi *bɗɨ bite mordre 2.1) Bura (Blench) bda, bdi To chew; to eat (when chewing is necessary) 2.2) Margi (Hoffman) bɗə chew

3Proto-Mandara *hʷɨpaɗa bite mordre 3.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) upaɗá 1 mâcher, manger 3.2) Malgwa (Löhr) ukpaɗa chew with teeth 3.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) xūpáɗᵊga chew

4Proto-Mofu *hɨpɨɗ bite mordre 4.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) paɗ eat meat or something hard croquer ; manger la viande ou qqch de dure 4.2) Muyang (Smith) həpəɗ eat (meat) manger ce qui est dur, mâcher 4.3) Moloko (Friesen) paɗ bite; chew croquer; mordre 4.4) Zulgo (Haller) papəɗ manger (viande et des choses croquantes) 4.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) mehəpəɗe chew mâcher 4.6) Merey (Gravina) həpəɗ chew manger, mâcher, croquer 4.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) məpəɗej ba bite (v) mordre 4.7.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) məpəɗej (golgovaŋ) strike (snake) mordre, piquer (serpent) 4.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) háᵐbəɗ croquer, mâcher ; faire mal (à la tête, aux articulations)

5Proto-Lamang *xpaɗa bite mordre 5.1) Lamang (Wolff) xpaɗa bite, chew
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