hʷɨrɨp nf. grain semence (9 groups, 24 languages) A
The basic meaning of this root is probably millet grain. This root is consistent across Central Chadic, whereas there are several roots for the millet plant. It is likely that the Central Chadic peoples were pastoralists rather than agriculturalists, so the root meaning would refer to the grain as a food stuff obtained through trade rather than as seed for sowing. The initial *hʷ is retained in all groups, but has the unestablished reflex *gʷ in Proto-Kotoko North. The *r has become *l in all languages of the North sub-branch, as part of a regular change. The similar change in Cuvok is also regular. Dghwede and Mofu-Gudur - two very distant languages - both have a final /ɗ/, and several Mofu group languages and Cuvok show evidence of a final /j/, which is often a reflex of *ɗ under palatalisation. This may imply that the root was in fact *hʷɨrɨpɨɗ, though more data is needed to establish this. *p was realised as [f] in word-final position in Proto-Central Chadic, and this is retained in all groups.
1Proto-Bata *hʷɨrɨfɨ seed semence 1.1) Jimi (Djibi) hurəfən 1 - Race; 2 - Semence
2Proto-Mafa *hʷarfej seed semence 2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) hʷalfej seed graine, semence
3Proto-Margi *hʷɨlfɨ seed semence 3.1) Bura (Blench) hʷulfa Seed (for planting) 3.1.1) Bura (Blench) hulfu Seed for planting
4Proto-Mandara *hʷɨlfɨɗɨ seed semence 4.1) Matal (Branger) fafləw, faflu grain semence 4.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) hələpa,-ə semence; qualité 4.3) Malgwa (Löhr) hulfe seed 4.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) xùlfa seed 4.4.1) Glavda (Owens) xʷə́l seed 4.5) Dghwede (Frick) xulfətʼe seed
5Proto-Mofu *hʷɨlfaɗ ʸ seed semence 5.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) hēlēfē grain ; seed graine ; semence 5.1.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) hēlēfē family famille 5.2) Mada (Nkoumou) hoelfe descendance, semence, espèce 5.3) Moloko (Friesen) həlfe seed semence 5.4) Zulgo (Haller) hʷilfé semence f. 5.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) hulfe seed graine, semence 5.6) Merey (Gravina) hulfe seed graine, semence 5.6.1) Merey (Gravina) hulfe semence 5.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) həlfe seed graine, semence 5.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) hə́lfáw semence 5.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) húlfaɗ semence ; (sens fig.) enfant
6Proto-Maroua *hʷɨlfa seed semence 6.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) hulfa seed graine, semence
7Proto-Lamang *hulfa seed semence 7.1) Lamang (Wolff) hulfa seed 7.2) Hdi (Bramlett) hulfa grain / seed la semence
8Proto-Higi *hʷɨlɨfɨ seed semence 8.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) hulofʷo seed 8.2) Psikye (Angelo) fə́lə́xʷə́ seed 8.3) Bana (Lienhard) xʷə́lfə́ semence
9Proto-Kotoko North *gʷɨlfan seed semence 9.1) Mpade (Allison) gulfan seed graine, semence
The basic meaning of this root is probably millet grain. This root is consistent across Central Chadic, whereas there are several roots for the millet plant. It is likely that the Central Chadic peoples were pastoralists rather than agriculturalists, so the root meaning would refer to the grain as a food stuff obtained through trade rather than as seed for sowing. The initial *hʷ is retained in all groups, but has the unestablished reflex *gʷ in Proto-Kotoko North. The *r has become *l in all languages of the North sub-branch, as part of a regular change. The similar change in Cuvok is also regular. Dghwede and Mofu-Gudur - two very distant languages - both have a final /ɗ/, and several Mofu group languages and Cuvok show evidence of a final /j/, which is often a reflex of *ɗ under palatalisation. This may imply that the root was in fact *hʷɨrɨpɨɗ, though more data is needed to establish this. *p was realised as [f] in word-final position in Proto-Central Chadic, and this is retained in all groups.
1Proto-Bata *hʷɨrɨfɨ seed semence 1.1) Jimi (Djibi) hurəfən 1 - Race; 2 - Semence
2Proto-Mafa *hʷarfej seed semence 2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) hʷalfej seed graine, semence
3Proto-Margi *hʷɨlfɨ seed semence 3.1) Bura (Blench) hʷulfa Seed (for planting) 3.1.1) Bura (Blench) hulfu Seed for planting
4Proto-Mandara *hʷɨlfɨɗɨ seed semence 4.1) Matal (Branger) fafləw, faflu grain semence 4.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) hələpa,-ə semence; qualité 4.3) Malgwa (Löhr) hulfe seed 4.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) xùlfa seed 4.4.1) Glavda (Owens) xʷə́l seed 4.5) Dghwede (Frick) xulfətʼe seed
5Proto-Mofu *hʷɨlfaɗ ʸ seed semence 5.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) hēlēfē grain ; seed graine ; semence 5.1.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) hēlēfē family famille 5.2) Mada (Nkoumou) hoelfe descendance, semence, espèce 5.3) Moloko (Friesen) həlfe seed semence 5.4) Zulgo (Haller) hʷilfé semence f. 5.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) hulfe seed graine, semence 5.6) Merey (Gravina) hulfe seed graine, semence 5.6.1) Merey (Gravina) hulfe semence 5.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) həlfe seed graine, semence 5.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) hə́lfáw semence 5.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) húlfaɗ semence ; (sens fig.) enfant
6Proto-Maroua *hʷɨlfa seed semence 6.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) hulfa seed graine, semence
7Proto-Lamang *hulfa seed semence 7.1) Lamang (Wolff) hulfa seed 7.2) Hdi (Bramlett) hulfa grain / seed la semence
8Proto-Higi *hʷɨlɨfɨ seed semence 8.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) hulofʷo seed 8.2) Psikye (Angelo) fə́lə́xʷə́ seed 8.3) Bana (Lienhard) xʷə́lfə́ semence
9Proto-Kotoko North *gʷɨlfan seed semence 9.1) Mpade (Allison) gulfan seed graine, semence