Search results for "kʷar"

dzɨgʷɨr n. hump bosse (10 groups, 18 languages) C
This root denotes the hump on a zebu cow, and is used by extension for a human hunchback. It is found almost exclusively in the languages of the North sub-branch. It may have come into Central Chadic from an old form of the Kanuri
zugure, or the transmission may have been in the opposite direction. If the root did come from Kanuri, the back vowels were reanalysed as labialisation of the /g/. Given the widespread distribution of the root, and evidence that the early Central Chadic peoples were cattle-herders, it seems more probable that the root spread from Central Chadic to Kanuri, though the forms in Musgum and some of the Kotoko groups may be due to borrowing the more recent form of the Kanuri word. Two groups have *ɗ as the initial consonant, possibly reflecting the arrival of the same root but from a different source.

1Proto-Daba ɗɨgʷɨr ʸ hump bosse 1.1) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ɗiᵑgir hump (of cow) bosse (de vache) 1.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ɗəᵑgur hump bosse 1.3) Buwal (Viljoen) ɗəgʷar hump bosse

2Proto-Tera ɗɨgʷɨl hump bosse 2.1) Nyimatli (Harley) ɗugul hump bosse

3Proto-Sukur *dzɨgʷɨɗ ʸ hump bosse 3.1) Sukur (David) dʒiguɗ hump, of cow 3.2) Sukur (Thomas) dʒiguɗ hump, a large lump at the back of animals, specially camel, cow

4Proto-Hurza *dzɨgʷar hump bosse 4.1) Mbuko (Gravina) mədzəgar cow hump bosse (f) d'un boeuf 4.2) Vame (Kinnaird) hʷádègʷàr hump of a cow bosse de boeuf

5Proto-Margi *dzikʷɨr ʸ, madagara hump bosse 5.1) Bura (Blench) madagara Stooped, hump-backed 5.1.1) Bura (Blench) madakara Stooped, hump-backed. See madagara 5.1.2) Bura (Blench) dʒukur Bump or hump of a cow 5.1.3) Bura (Blench) dʒikur Hump on cattle

6Proto-Mofu *madzɨgɨr, mɨtakʷar hump bosse 6.1) Moloko (Friesen) mətokor hump on an animal or person bosse d'un animal ou d'une personne 6.2) Zulgo (Haller) mádzə̀gə̀r bosse (f.) d'un animal 6.3) Gemzek (Sabatai) madzəgar hump (of hunchback) bosse 6.3.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) madzəgar bump (n) bosse 6.3.2) Gemzek (Sabatai) madzəgar hump (of cow) bosse (de vache) 6.4) Merey (Gravina) madzəgar hump (of hunchback) bosse 6.5) Mofu North (Barreteau) mádzə̀gàr bosse (de zébu)

7Proto-Kotoko North *sɨgʷɨre hump bosse 7.1) Mpade (Allison) súgùré hump (of cow) bosse (de vache) 7.2) Malgbe (Allison) sɨgbɨre hump (of cow) bosse (de vache) 7.2.1) Malgbe (Allison) sɨgbɨre hump (of hunchback) bosse

8Proto-Kotoko Centre *zɨrkʼʷa hump bosse 8.1) Lagwan (Allison) zurkʼʷa hump (of cow) bosse (de vache)

9Proto-Kotoko South *dzaŋkʷara hump bosse 9.1) Mazera (Allison) dʒaŋkʷara hump (of cow) bosse (de vache)

10Proto-Musgum *zɨgʷɨrij hump bosse 10.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) zugurii bosse de la vache

11Kanuri zúgùrè //// tsúgurē hump (of cow) bosse (de vache)
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ɗakʷɨr n. grey hair cheveux gris (7 groups, 17 languages) B
This root is possibly related to the root *ɗakʷa ʸ 'white'. As expected, the *r has become *l in the groups of the North sub-branch, i.e. Mandara, Mofu and Maroua, and in Cuvok (Mafa group). The labialisation component of *kʷ has been reanalysed as the labialisation prosody in Proto-Maroua and Proto-Daba, which is a common sporadic change. In these same languages, the resulting *k has become *h, an unestablished change. The initial *ɗ has been lost in many languages, which is a common sporadic change. This has resulted in compensatory reduplication in Daba, also a common sporadic change.

1Proto-Daba *hɨhɨl ʷ grey hair cheveux gris 1.1) Daba (Lienhard) hùhúl les cheveux gris

2Proto-Mafa *kʷaraj grey hair cheveux gris 2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) kʷalaj white hair cheveux blancs

3Proto-Sukur *kʷir grey hair cheveux gris 3.1) Sukur (Thomas) kʷir grey; having grey hair.

4Proto-Hurza *ɗakʷar grey hair cheveux gris 4.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ɗəɗukʷar grey hairs cheveux gris 4.1.1) Mbuko (Gravina) dədukʷar cheveux gris 4.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ākʷár hair, white se dit des cheveux blancs qui se trouvent sur la tête d'un vieux.

5Proto-Mandara *kʷɨlɨ grey hair cheveux gris 5.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) kulala,-ə cheveu blanc 5.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) kulije cheveu blanc

6Proto-Mofu *ɗakʷɨl grey hair cheveux gris 6.1) Muyang (Smith) ɑkʷɑl white hair cheveux blancs 6.2) Mada (Nkoumou) akkʷal cheveux blancs 6.3) Moloko (Friesen) ɗakʷəl white hair cheveux blanc 6.4) Zulgo (Haller) akúl cheveux (m.pl.) blancs 6.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) akʷal white hair cheveux blancs 6.6) Merey (Gravina) maɗakʷal white hair cheveux blancs 6.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) maɗakol white hair cheveux blancs 6.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) egʷel white hair cheveux blancs

7Proto-Maroua *hal ʷ grey hair cheveux gris 7.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) hol cheveux blancs 7.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) anhol white hair cheveux blancs
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ɗɨkɨn ʸ nm. claw, fingernail griffe, ongle (6 groups, 10 languages) A
The languages where this root is attested are relatively few, but spread over a wide area. This may indicate that the root did exist in Proto-Central Chadic. The initial *ɗ is realised as /r/ in Cuvok, which is an unestablished change, and in the Kotoko North and Centre groups it has fused with the *k to create the velar ejective *kʼ, which is a common sporadic process. There is no known process to account for the initial /h/ in Mazera. In Kotoko North and Centre, there is prenasalisation of the initial consonant, a common sporadic process. The *k has the reflex /h/ in Cuvok and Hdi, an unestablished process. The final *n has become /ŋ/ in Cuvok, Mbazla and Hdi, which is a regular change. The change *n to /r/ in Maltam and Mser is a common but non-systematic process. The reconstruction of the palatalisation prosody is supported by the presence of the prosody in Cuvok and Mbazla.

1Proto-Mafa *rɨhaŋ ʸ claw griffe 1.1) Cuvok (Gravina) rəheŋ fingernail ongle 1.1.1) Cuvok (Gravina) rəheŋ claw griffe

2Proto-Maroua *ɗɨkɨŋ ʸ claw griffe 2.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) ɗikiŋ griffe, ongle 2.1.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) lìkíŋ claw griffe

3Proto-Lamang *ɗahɨŋ claw griffe 3.1) Hdi (Bramlett) ɗahəŋ claw, fingernail la griffe, l'ongle

4Proto-Kotoko North *nkʼan claw griffe 4.1) Afade (Allison) nkʼan fingernail ongle 4.2) Mpade (Allison) nkʼan claw griffe 4.2.1) Mpade (Allison) nkʼan fingernail ongle 4.3) Malgbe (Allison) nkʼɨn claw griffe 4.3.1) Malgbe (Allison) nkʼɨn fingernail ongle 4.4) Maltam (Allison) ᵑgare claw griffe

5Proto-Kotoko Centre *nkʼɨn claw griffe 5.1) Lagwan (Allison) nkʼɨni claw griffe 5.2) Mser (Allison) nkʼɨr claw griffe 5.2.1) Mser (Allison) nkʼɨr fingernail ongle

6Proto-Kotoko South *hɨkɨne claw griffe 6.1) Mazera (Allison) kʷare; hɨkɨne; hakane fingernail ongle
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koro n. donkey âne (9 groups, 20 languages) B syn: ziᵑgʷa, ᵐburi.
This is a widespread African root that may have come into Central Chadic from Kanuri. Many Central Chadic languages do not have back vowels, and the *o has been reinterpreted as labialisation of *k, the labialisation prosody or as the sequence /aw/. The *r has not changed in any languages, which indicates a very short time depth for the introduction of this root into Central Chadic.

1Proto-Bata *kʷara donkey âne 1.1) Bata (Boyd) kʷáárééto donkey 1.2) Gude (Hoskinson) kʷárá donkey 1.3) Jimi (Djibi) kʷara Ane 1.4) Sharwa (Gravina) kʷara Ane

2Proto-Tera *koro donkey âne 2.1) Tera (Newman) koro donkey 2.2) Nyimatli (Harley) kooro donkey

3Proto-Margi *kʷara donkey âne 3.1) Bura (Blench) kʷara Ass 3.1.1) Bura (Blench) kʷara Donkey 3.2) Margi South (Harley) kʷara donkey 3.3) Kilba (Schuh) kʷara/a donkey

4Proto-Maroua *kawra donkey âne 4.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) kawra; awra âne à museau blanc

5Proto-Higi *kʷara donkey âne 5.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) kʷara donkey 5.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) kʷara donkey 5.3) Kirya (Blench) kʷàrà donkey 5.4) Psikye (Angelo) kʷará donkey

6Proto-Kotoko Island *kuro donkey âne 6.1) Buduma (McKone) kuro âne.

7Proto-Kotoko North *koro donkey âne 7.1) Mpade (Allison) kóró donkey âne 7.2) Malgbe (Allison) gro donkey âne

8Proto-Musgum *kʷɨra ʸ donkey âne 8.1) Vulum (Tourneux) kʉre âne 8.2) Mbara (Tourneux) kuro donkey âne 8.3) Muskum (Tourneux) kʉret âne

9Proto-Gidar *kara ʷ donkey âne 9.1) Gidar (Schuh) koro âne

10Kanuri kóro / kóró donkey âne
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kʷar v. refuse refuser (8 groups, 12 languages) B
This root is found in a good selection of groups, but only in one or two languages in each group with the data available. The initial *kʷ has lost the labialisation component in many cases as a sporadic process. *r has the regular reflex *l in the languages of the North sub-branch and in Proto-Daba as expected.

1Proto-Bata *kar refuse refuser 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) kaaree refuse, reject 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) karanən Refuser ;

2Proto-Daba *kal refuse refuser 2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) ŋkɑl refuse refuser

3Proto-Sukur *kar refuse refuser 3.1) Sukur (David) kar refuse, to 3.2) Sukur (Thomas) kar refuse: to say that you will not do something that somebody has asked you to do.

4Proto-Hurza *kɨra refuse refuser 4.1) Vame (Kinnaird) kə́rà miss refuser d'aller

5Proto-Mandara *kʷala refuse refuser 5.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) kʷalá 1 refuser 5.1.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) kʷalá 2 rejeter 5.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) kʷala refuser

6Proto-Mofu *kʷal refuse refuser 6.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) kʷàl refuser 6.1.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) kʷàl ne devrait-il pas? 6.2) Muyang (Smith) kelej cut with axe couper; refuser 6.3) Merey (Gravina) kərah refuse refuser

7Proto-Lamang *kʷala refuse refuser 7.1) Hdi (Bramlett) kʷalaɣuta to refuse refuser

8Proto-Higi *kɨli refuse refuser 8.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) kəljə refuse 8.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) kə́rjə̀ refuse
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kʷaraj n. rainbow, drought arc-en-ciel, sécheresse (5 groups, 17 languages) A
In most languages, this root has two senses: a rainbow; and a period of dry weather during rainy season. It is not obvious how the two senses are related, though the Giziga Moutourwa definition offers an interesting explanation. The root is found in the languages of the Mandara Mountains. There was a regular change *r→l in the North sub-branch, Proto-Daba and Cuvok, leaving Mafa as the only language represented here to retain *r.

1Proto-Daba *kʷalaj rainbow arc-en-ciel 1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) kʷɑlɑj drought, famine sécheresse, famine, disette 1.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) kʷɑlɑj rainbow arc-en-ciel 1.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ŋkʷɑlɑj drought, famine sécheresse, famine, disette 1.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) kolaj rainbow arc-en-ciel

2Proto-Mafa *kʷaraj rainbow arc-en-ciel 2.1) Mafa (Barreteau) kʷáráj arc-en-ciel 2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) kʷalaj drought, famine sécheresse, famine, disette

3Proto-Hurza *kʷɨlaj rainbow arc-en-ciel 3.1) Mbuko (Gravina) kulaj rainbow, dry period during rainy season arc en ciel, sécheresse entre les pluies

4Proto-Mofu *kʷɨlaj, makɨlah rainbow arc-en-ciel 4.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) mākʷālāj drought sécheresse ; périodes sèches de la saison des pluies 4.2) Muyang (Smith) mɑkʷɑl drought ; rainbow période de sécheresse après les premières sémailles: arc-en-ciel qui annonce soit une pluie immédiate, soit la sécheresse 4.3) Moloko (Friesen) kolaj rainbow arc en ciel 4.4) Zulgo (Haller) màkə̀làh arc-en-ciel m. 4.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) kula rainbow arc-en-ciel 4.5.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) kula drought, famine sécheresse, famine, disette 4.5.2) Gemzek (Sabatai) makəlah rainbow arc-en-ciel 4.6) Merey (Gravina) makəlah sécheresse 4.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) kulaj rainbow arc-en-ciel 4.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) kʷálàj arc-en-ciel, arrêt entre deux pluies 4.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) kʷalaj arc-en-ciel 4.9.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) kʷalaj sécheresse en saison des pluies

5Proto-Maroua *kʷalaj rainbow arc-en-ciel 5.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) kʷalaj (Mv kolaj) arc en ciel, le kwalay : arrête la pluie en pleine saison, même pendant 20 jours c'est le soleil qui se reflète sur de vieilles houes abandonnées en brousse, ce qui provoque l'arc-ce-ciel. il y a un grand serpent en haut ; s'il se roule sur lui-même il ne pleut pas ; s'il se déroule, il pleut (kaw madiëa) 5.1.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) kʷalaj (Mv kolaj) empècher de pleuvoir 5.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) kolaj rainbow arc-en-ciel 5.2.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) kolaj drought, famine sécheresse, famine, disette
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kʷɨnɨj n. urine urine (13 groups, 31 languages) B
This root is well attested across the Central Chadic languages. The *kʷ is retained in most groups, but has the reflex *k in Proto-Hurza, Proto-Kotoko South and Proto-Gidar, a sporadic change. There is a regular *n→r change word-medially in Proto-Mandara, and a sporadic *n͏→r change in some of the Kotoko groups. This change also appears in the Mafa and Sukur data, where it is irregular. There is a subsequent unestablished *r→ɗ change, which gives the forms for Proto-Hurza, several Mofu group languages and Mazera. The distribution of the changes suggests that a certain degree of borrowing took place between languages. The *j has been vocalised in several languages, and in Gidar it is reanalysed as the palatalisation prosody, both of which are common sporadic processes.

1Proto-Mafa *kʷɨraj urine urine 1.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) kuraj urine

2Proto-Sukur *kʷɨr ʸ urine urine 2.1) Sukur (Thomas) miskuir urine

3Proto-Hurza *mɨkaɗaj urine urine 3.1) Mbuko (Gravina) məkaɗaj urine urine 3.2) Vame (Kinnaird) kə̄māɗáj, kumaɗaj (Afem) tribe ; descendant urine; tribu ; descendant

4Proto-Margi *kʷɨni urine urine 4.1) Bura (Blench) kini Urine 4.2) Kilba (Schuh) kunji urine

5Proto-Mandara *kʷɨrɨj urine urine 5.1) Matal (Branger) kᶷlāj urine urine 5.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) kure,-i urine 5.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) kúré urine (f) 5.4) Malgwa (Löhr) kure urine 5.5) Glavda (Owens) kur urine 5.5.1) Glavda (Nghagyiva) kùrìja urine

6Proto-Mofu *kʷɨnaj urine urine 6.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) kūnāj urine 6.2) Muyang (Smith) kʉɗiŋ urine urine 6.3) Mada (Nkoumou) kʷne urine 6.4) Moloko (Friesen) kʷənen urine urine 6.5) Zulgo (Haller) kʷìɗé urine f. 6.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) kuɗe urine urine 6.7) Merey (Gravina) kuɗe urine urine 6.7.1) Merey (Gravina) kuɗej urine 6.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) kuneŋ urine urine 6.9) Mofu North (Barreteau) kùràj urine 6.10) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) kuráj urine

7Proto-Maroua *kʷɨnaj urine urine 7.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) kʷanaj urine 7.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) kunaj urine urine 7.3) Mbazla (SILSurvey) kúnaíʼ urine urine 7.3.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) kunaj urine

8Proto-Lamang *kʷani urine urine 8.1) Hdi (Bramlett) kʷani urine l'urine

9Proto-Kotoko Island *kʷaraj urine urine 9.1) Buduma (McKone) koraj urine.

10Proto-Kotoko North *kʷɨre urine urine 10.1) Mpade (Allison) kúrè urine urine

11Proto-Kotoko Centre *kʷɨne urine urine 11.1) Lagwan (Allison) nkune urine urine 11.2) Mser (Allison) kure urine urine

12Proto-Kotoko South *kɨmaɗe urine urine 12.1) Mazera (Allison) kɨmaɗe urine urine

13Proto-Gidar *kɨna ʸ urine urine 13.1) Gidar (Hungerford) kine urine 13.2) Gidar (Schuh) kine/e urine
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tsɨkʷɨr n. chicken poulet (9 groups, 18 languages) D
Chicken farming is probably a comparatively recent activity amongst Central Chadic peoples. Proto-Central Chadic *r→l in the North sub-branch, but that change is not apparent in the data, indicating that the word entered Central Chadic after the time of the sound change, but at a time when /r/ had re-entered the phonemic inventory of the North languages from another mechanism. There is considerable variation in the forms that are attested, making it difficult to reconstruct the history of this word.

1Proto-Mafa *watsak chicken poulet 1.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) watʃak chicken poulet

2Proto-Sukur *takʷɨr chicken poulet 2.1) Sukur (David) takur chicken 2.2) Sukur (Thomas) takur chicken

3Proto-Hurza *ⁿdzɨkʷɨr chicken poulet 3.1) Mbuko (Gravina) nzəkar chicken poulet 3.2) Vame (Kinnaird) nzùgùràk chicken poulet

4Proto-Mandara *gʷɨtsɨkɨ chicken poulet 4.1) Matal (Branger) gʷatsak chicken poulet 4.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) utsəka,-ə poule

5Proto-Mofu *wɨtsɨkar ʸ, maⁿdzɨkʷɨr ʸ chicken poulet 5.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) wùtskár chicken poulet 5.2) Moloko (Friesen) aⁿdʒakar chicken, hen poule 5.3) Zulgo (Haller) meⁿdzíkʷir poule f., poulet m. 5.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) meⁿdzekʷer hen poule 5.5) Merey (Gravina) maⁿdzekʷer chicken poulet 5.6) Dugwor (Jubumna) wutʃəker chicken poulet

6Proto-Maroua *tsɨkʷar chicken poulet 6.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) kətʃikar chicken poulet 6.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) mutʃukor poulet

7Proto-Lamang *ɣatakʷala chicken poulet 7.1) Lamang (Wolff) ɣatakʷala chicken

8Proto-Kotoko South *tsakar chicken poulet 8.1) Zina (Odden) tʃákárá chicken poulet 8.2) Mazera (Allison) tʃakar hen poule 8.2.1) Mazera (Allison) tʃɨkre chicken poulet

9Proto-Musgum *mɨskɨr chicken poulet 9.1) Muskum (Tourneux) mɨskɨr poulet
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