Search results for "pakʷaɗɨp"

pakʷaɗɨp nm. lung poumon (15 groups, 36 languages) C
This root is complex to reconstruct. It contains four consonants, and the two medial consonants have been lost in several groups. In many cases this has been compensated for by the reduplication of one of the other root consonants.
Proto-Central Chadic *p had the allophone [p] in word-initial position and [f] in word-final position. The initial *p has the reflex *b in several groups. The final *p
f has the irregular reflex *v in Proto-Margi and Proto-Kotoko South.
*kʷ has the reflex *gʷ in Gude, Proto-Margi, Proto-Maroua, Proto-Higi and Proto-Musgum, which is regular only in Proto-Higi. In Proto-Tera it has the unestablished reflex *hʷ. The labialisation component has been lost in Proto-Mofu, and has been reanalysed as the labialisation prosody in Proto-Tera and Proto-Musgum, along with several individual languages, which are common sporadic processes. The *kʷ has been lost completely in several groups, probably through the sporadic changes *kʷ→hʷ→h→0.
The *
ɗ is retained only in Daba, and has the reflex /ʔ/ in Giziga Marva. Elsewhere its existence can be deduced from compensatory reduplication. Where either *kʷ or *ɗ is lost, many languages have compensated for the lost material by reduplicating a syllable. In Gude, Proto-Tera, Proto-Hurza, Proto-Margi and Proto-Higi, there is reduplication, though this could be triggered by the loss of either the initial *p or the *ɗ. However, in Mofu-Gudur and Proto-Maroua, the *p, *kʷ and *f are still present, implying that another consonant has been lost. The evidence for *ɗ is indirect, but cannot be ignored.

1Proto-Bata *bɨfi ʸ, *gʷɨgʷɨfi lungs poumon 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) gùgùfínə lungs 1.2) Sharwa (Gravina) bjəfi poumon

2Proto-Daba *pakʷaɗɨf lung poumon 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ɣɑmpɑf lung poumon 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ɣɑlɑ kɑmpɑf lung poumon 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) bahaf lung poumon 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) pòkòɗūf le poumon

3Proto-Mafa *baf lung poumon 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) baf poumon 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) bef lung poumon

4Proto-Tera *huhup lung poumon 4.1) Nyimatli (Harley) khukhup lung

5Proto-Sukur *bɨf lungs poumon 5.1) Sukur (Thomas) bəf lung in inside the stomach

6Proto-Hurza *baf, *kʷɨkʷɨfa lung poumon 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) baf lungs poumon 6.2) Vame (Kinnaird) kùkùfà lung poumon

7Proto-Margi *gʷagʷavi lungs poumon 7.1) Margi South (Harley) gʷagʷavi lungs 7.2) Kilba (Schuh) guguvi lungs

8Proto-Mandara *pɨfa lungs poumon 8.1) Matal (Branger) pafaf lungs poumon 8.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) bə́fa,-ə poumon

9Proto-Mofu *abahaf lungs poumon 9.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ᵐbèf lung poumon 9.2) Mada (Nkoumou) amᵐbahaf lung poumon 9.3) Moloko (Friesen) pahav lung poumon 9.4) Zulgo (Haller) abaf lung poumon m. 9.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) abaf lung poumon 9.6) Merey (Gravina) baᵐbaf lung le poumon 9.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) boᵐbof lung poumon 9.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) babəkaf lung poumon (Gudur)

10Proto-Maroua *babagʷaf lung poumon 10.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) boboᵑgof(Mt), bofoko(Mj) poumons 10.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) bubuʼof lung poumon 10.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) baagaf poumons

11Proto-Lamang *bɨf lung poumon 11.1) Hdi (Bramlett) bəf lung le poumon

12Proto-Higi *gʷɨgʷɨfi lung poumon 12.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) gugufə lung 12.2) Kirya (Blench) gùgùfí lungs 12.3) Bana (Lienhard) bə̀fì poumons

13Proto-Kotoko North *kafo lung poumon 13.1) Afade (Allison) gafo lung poumon 13.2) Mpade (Allison) kófo lung poumon

14Proto-Kotoko South *ɣʷavɨ lung poumon 14.1) Mazera (Allison) ɣʷavɣʷavɨ lung poumon

15Proto-Musgum *bubugaf lung poumon 15.1) Vulum (Tourneux) baagaf poumon 15.2) Mbara (Tourneux) bubugaf lung
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