Search results for "raj"

dɨr v. to burn bruler (5 groups, 10 languages) A
This word denotes the complete burning of an object until it becomes ash. All of the groups represented except the Mafa group are from the North sub-branch, and we would expect to find *l rather than *r in these languages. However there are exceptions in the Mandara and Lamang groups, which may be due to a later unestablihsed change from *l to /r/. The change *r to l in Cuvok is a regular feature of the language, as is the change *l to r in Moloko.
1Proto-Mafa *ⁿdar burn bruler 1.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ⁿdár- brûler (faire du charbon de bois, cuire) 1.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ⁿdala burn brûler
2Proto-Mandara *dɨrɨ burn brûler 2.1) Mandara (Fluckiger) déré brûler (brûler complètement), carboniser
3Proto-Mofu *dɨl burn bruler 3.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) dālāj burn brûler plusieurs fois 3.1.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) də̄l burn brûler 3.1.2) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) də̄l cuire la poterie 3.2) Moloko (Friesen) dar burn, grill until it becomes ash for making potash and pottery; jusqu'à ce que ça deveiens du cendre pour faire la potasse (wuhle) et la potérie. 3.2.1) Moloko (Friesen) dar to get on someone's nerves énerver quelqu'un 3.3) Zulgo (Haller) dúl brûler, être consommé, prendre feu 3.4) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ́ⁿdəl brûler sur le feu, consumer entièrement jusqu'à réduire en cendre (sur le feu) ; cuir les poteries
4Proto-Maroua *dɨlɨ ʸ burn bruler 4.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) ⁿdili bruler 4.1.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) dílí burn (transitive) brûler (transitif)
5Proto-Lamang *dɨra burn bruler 5.1) Lamang (Wolff) dra burn 5.2) Hdi (Bramlett) dəraj to burn brûler
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dzaraj nm. locust criquet migrateur (9 groups, 22 languages) A cf: haɗikʷ.
This word denotes the locust, known well in the region for appearing periodically in huge swarms and devastating crops. The change *dz to /z/ in Gidar is regular, as is the change *r to *l in the groups of the North sub-branch, though the Mofu, Maroua and Gidar groups do not show this change. The final *j has been reanalysed as the palatalisation prosody in the Daba group, and possibly in the Tera group, which is a common sporadic process.
1Proto-Daba *dzara ʸ locust locuste 1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) dʒere locust locuste, criquet 1.2) Gavar (Viljoen) dʒeri locust locuste, criquet 1.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) dʒere locust locuste, criquet
2Proto-Mafa *dzaraj locust locuste 2.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) dzaraj criquet 2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) dʒaraj locust locuste, criquet
3Proto-Tera *ⁿdzere locust locuste 3.1) Nyimatli (Harley) ʒoola locust criquet 3.1.1) Nyimatli (Harley) ⁿdʒere cricket
4Proto-Sukur *dzalaj locust criquet migrateur 4.1) Sukur (Thomas) dzalai locust; an insect that lives in hot countries and flies in lage groups, destroying and the plants and crops of an area.
5Proto-Hurza *dzaraj locust locuste 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) dzaraj locust criquet migrateur 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) dzùràj cricket criquets qui se déplacent en grands nombres qui dévastent la récolte.
6Proto-Mofu *dzaraj locust locuste 6.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) dzàràj locust, grasshopper sauterelle, locuste, criquet migrateur 6.2) Muyang (Smith) dʒɑrɑj Plague Locust locuste migratoire, criquet 6.3) Mada (Nkoumou) dʒara criquet migrateur (criquet pélérin) 6.4) Moloko (Friesen) dʒaraj locust criquet; sauterelle 6.5) Zulgo (Haller) dzará sauterelle f. sp. 6.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) dzara sauterelle 6.7) Merey (Gravina) dzaraj locust locuste, criquet migrateur 6.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) dzārāj criquet migrateur 6.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) dʒáraj criquet migrateur (dévastateur des plantes)
7Proto-Maroua *dzaraj locust locuste 7.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) dʒaraj criquets pèlerins dévasteurs
8Proto-Higi *dzalaj locust locuste 8.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) dzala locust criquet 8.2) Bana (Lienhard) dʒìr criquet migrateur
9Proto-Gidar *zaraj locust criquet migrateur 9.1) Gidar (Hungerford) zaraj criquet, sauterelle
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ɗakʷɨr n. grey hair cheveux gris (7 groups, 17 languages) B
This root is possibly related to the root *ɗakʷa ʸ 'white'. As expected, the *r has become *l in the groups of the North sub-branch, i.e. Mandara, Mofu and Maroua, and in Cuvok (Mafa group). The labialisation component of *kʷ has been reanalysed as the labialisation prosody in Proto-Maroua and Proto-Daba, which is a common sporadic change. In these same languages, the resulting *k has become *h, an unestablished change. The initial *ɗ has been lost in many languages, which is a common sporadic change. This has resulted in compensatory reduplication in Daba, also a common sporadic change.
1Proto-Daba *hɨhɨl ʷ grey hair cheveux gris 1.1) Daba (Lienhard) hùhúl les cheveux gris
2Proto-Mafa *kʷaraj grey hair cheveux gris 2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) kʷalaj white hair cheveux blancs
3Proto-Sukur *kʷir grey hair cheveux gris 3.1) Sukur (Thomas) kʷir grey; having grey hair.
4Proto-Hurza *ɗakʷar grey hair cheveux gris 4.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ɗəɗukʷar grey hairs cheveux gris 4.1.1) Mbuko (Gravina) dədukʷar cheveux gris 4.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ākʷár hair, white se dit des cheveux blancs qui se trouvent sur la tête d'un vieux.
5Proto-Mandara *kʷɨlɨ grey hair cheveux gris 5.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) kulala,-ə cheveu blanc 5.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) kulije cheveu blanc
6Proto-Mofu *ɗakʷɨl grey hair cheveux gris 6.1) Muyang (Smith) ɑkʷɑl white hair cheveux blancs 6.2) Mada (Nkoumou) akkʷal cheveux blancs 6.3) Moloko (Friesen) ɗakʷəl white hair cheveux blanc 6.4) Zulgo (Haller) akúl cheveux (m.pl.) blancs 6.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) akʷal white hair cheveux blancs 6.6) Merey (Gravina) maɗakʷal white hair cheveux blancs 6.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) maɗakol white hair cheveux blancs 6.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) egʷel white hair cheveux blancs
7Proto-Maroua *hal ʷ grey hair cheveux gris 7.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) hol cheveux blancs 7.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) anhol white hair cheveux blancs
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ɣɨn nm. head tête (8 groups, 31 languages) A syn: ɣʷɨ.
The final *n has undergone the regular change *n→r in the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group. The Mafa /gəɗ/ has come from *gɨr, which implies that this reflex was borrowed from that major group. *ɣ has the reflex /g/ in several languages, which is a regular change in Dghwede and the Meri subgroup of the Mofu group. It developed into *k in Proto-Margi, probably via *h, though this change is unestablished. It has the regular reflex /h/ in Muyang, and has been lost in several languages, including the two Mofu subgroup languages where this change is regular. There are also instances of the reflex /j/ in Jimi, Cuvok, Mandara, Malgwa and Mbazla, but this change is unestablished. The Moloko and Giziga forms may represent compounds including the reflex of the proto-form.
1Proto-Bata *ɣɨnɨ head tête 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ná -ə (inher. poss., body part) head, top 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) jinən Tête 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) ᵑgɨnə tête 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) əne la tête
2Proto-Mafa *jaŋ, gɨɗ head tête 2.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) gəɗ kəda tête de chien 2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) jaŋ head tête
3Proto-Margi *kir head tête 3.1) Bura (Blench) kir Head; the top 3.2) Margi (Hoffman) kər head 3.3) Margi South (Hoffman) kər head 3.3.1) Margi South (Harley) kər head 3.4) Kilba (Hoffman) kər head 3.4.1) Kilba (Schuh) kər head
4Proto-Mandara *ɣɨra head tête 4.1) Matal (Branger) gəl head tête 4.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) ira tête (f) 4.3) Malgwa (Löhr) iire head 4.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ʁɾa head 4.4.1) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ʁɾa head 4.4.2) Glavda (Owens) γr head, mind, intellect 4.5) Dghwede (Frick) gre head
5Proto-Mofu *ɣɨr head tête 5.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ɣàr head tête 5.2) Muyang (Smith) ɑhɑ̀r tête, le dessus de quelque chose ; la personne même 5.3) Moloko (Friesen) dəraj head tête 5.4) Zulgo (Haller) gər tête f. 5.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) gər head tête 5.5.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) gar la tête 5.6) Merey (Gravina) gər head tête 5.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) gar head tête 5.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) ʔár tête 5.8.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) ʼar la tête 5.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) raj head (of person, animal, etc.), the top part of something tête 5.9.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) raj sommet, dessus, cime
6Proto-Maroua hɨrɨŋ, jɨŋ head tête 6.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) hirᵑga(Mt) hirᵑgaŋ(Mj) tête 6.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) huruŋ head tête 6.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) jiŋ tête
7Proto-Lamang *ɣɨŋ head tête 7.1) Lamang (Wolff) ɣàŋ head 7.2) Hdi (Bramlett) ɣəŋ head la tête
8Proto-Higi *ɣɨn head tête 8.1) Kirya (Blench) ɣə̀n head 8.2) Bana (Lienhard) ɣə̀n tête, sommet, cime
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ɣʷɨr n. field champ (5 groups, 5 languages) C syn: gʷɨvɨh, raj, sɨka.
This root is found in a small but diverse group of languages. It is possible that the root is cognate with *raj, though there is insufficient evidence to establish this with confidence. There is a regular change *r→l in the languages of the North sub-branch, with the irregular exception of Mbara. *ɣʷ has a wide range of reflexes, not all of which are regular.
1Proto-Tera *gar field champ 1.1) Nyimatli (Harley) gar bush 1.1.1) Nyimatli (Harley) gar farm
2Proto-Sukur *ɣʷɨr field champ 2.1) Sukur (David) ɣur field, plot 2.2) Sukur (David) ɣər farm
3Proto-Mofu *gɨlɨ ʸ field champ 3.1) Muyang (Smith) ɡili fields, cultivated bush brousse cultivé 3.1.1) Muyang (Smith) ɡili fields, cultivated bush brousse cultivé
4Proto-Musgum *wɨr field champ 4.1) Mbara (Tourneux) wur field champ
5Proto-Gidar *gʷɨlɨjo field champ 5.1) Gidar (Hungerford) gulijo champ, ferme 5.2) Gidar (Schuh) gulijo champs
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ɣʷɨrɨp v. blind aveugle (11 groups, 35 languages) A
This root is attested as a noun, adjective or verb. The basic sense was the verb 'to be blind'. The *ɣʷ has the usual wide range of regular and irregular reflexes. The labialisation component has been reanalysed as the labialisation prosody in Proto-Maroua, which is a common sporadic process. There was a regular change *r→l in the groups of the North sub-branch, and also in Proto-Daba. In Proto-Central Chadic, *p was realised as [f] in word-final position, but has the reflex /p/ in Hdi, which is an unestablished change.
1Proto-Bata *wɨrɨfɨ blind aveugle 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) múurə́fá -ə blind person 1.1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) uurəfə become blind, be blind, make blind 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) wərəfən Devenir aveugle ; 1.3) Tsuvan (Johnston) awəlfe l'aveugle
2Proto-Daba *wɨlɨf blind aveugle 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ulɑf blind person (un) aveugle 2.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ulɑf make blind aveugler 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) wələf blind person (un) aveugle 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) wuləf blind person (un) aveugle 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) wə̀lə̀f l'aveugle ; aveugler
3Proto-Hurza *ɣʷɨraf blind aveugle 3.1) Mbuko (Gravina) hurof be_blind être aveugle 3.1.1) Mbuko (Gravina) hurof blind aveugle 3.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ɣùlàf 1 blind person aveugle 3.2.1) Vame (Kinnaird) ɣùlàf 2 blind aveugle
4Proto-Margi *wɨlɨfu blind aveugle 4.1) Margi (Hoffman) ləfə blind person 4.2) Kilba (Schuh) wulfu/u blind
5Proto-Mandara *ɣʷɨlɨfɨ blind aveugle 5.1) Matal (Branger) gʷələf, guləf blind person aveugle 5.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ləfa aveugler 5.2.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) ləfaha ləfa devenir aveugle 5.2.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ᵑgúləfa,-ə aveugle 5.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) welfe aveugle 5.4) Malgwa (Löhr) ŋulfe, wulfe blind 5.5) Glavda (Nghagyiva) gùlfa (be) blind 5.5.1) Glavda (Nghagyiva) dàdá gùlfa blind person
6Proto-Mofu *ɣʷɨlɨf blind aveugle 6.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) wùlə̀f blind aveugle 6.2) Mada (Nkoumou) muwlofa (un) aveugle 6.3) Moloko (Friesen) həlof blind aveugler 6.3.1) Moloko (Friesen) həlof un être aveugle 6.3.2) Moloko (Friesen) həlofəga blind animal animal_aveugle 6.4) Zulgo (Haller) gùluf (ŋá) aveugle, privé de la vue 6.4.1) Zulgo (Haller) malá gùluf aveugle m. 6.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) gulof blind person (un) aveugle 6.5.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) megulfe di ᵐburo aveugler 6.6) Merey (Gravina) guluf blind person (un) aveugle 6.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) ⁿdaw gulof araj blind person (un) aveugle 6.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) wùlàf aveugle 6.8.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) méwùlfʼej aveugler, être aveugle 6.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) húlf aveugler, rendre aveugle 6.9.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) wúlf aveugler, rendre aveugle 6.9.2) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) wulaf aveugle, illettré
7Proto-Maroua *hɨlɨf ʷ blind aveugle 7.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) huluf être aveugle, devenir aveugle 7.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) hulof blind person (un) aveugle
8Proto-Lamang *ɣʷɨlpa blind aveugle 8.1) Hdi (Bramlett) ɣulpaku blind aveugle
9Proto-Higi *ɣʷɨlɨfi blind aveugle 9.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ɣuli blind 9.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ɣʷèlì Blind. 9.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ɣuləpi (be) blind 9.2.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) mdiɣulə blind person 9.3) Kirya (Blench) mə́ɣùɽìpàə̀ blind 9.4) Bana (Lienhard) ɣʷə̀lf(ə́), ɣʷə̀lə̀f aveugle
10Proto-Kotoko Centre *nɣʷɨf blind aveugle 10.1) Lagwan (Allison) nxufi blind person (un) aveugle 10.2) Mser (Allison) ngʷafɨ blind person (un) aveugle
11Proto-Kotoko South *ɣʷajra blind aveugle 11.1) Zina (Odden) ɣʷàjrà blind person (un) aveugle
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hadaj n. eye œil (14 groups, 37 languages) B syn: tsɨ ʸ.
The initial *h in this root is retained in Proto-Daba, Proto-Mofu and Proto-Gidar. In several groups, the presence of an initial vowel indicates that an initial consonant has been lost, giving support to the reconstruction of *h. There was a regular change *d→r in intervocalic position in the North sub-branch. There are two exceptions: Proto-Daba has *r although it is in the South sub-branch, and Proto-Mandara has *d where we would expect *r. There is a subsequent regular change *r→l in Proto-Margi, Moloko and Buduma, and an unestablished change *r→ɗ in Mbuko. There was also the unestablished change *d→t in Proto-Tera. In many cases the final *j has been vocalised, a common sporadic process.
1Proto-Bata *dɨj eye oeil 1.1) Bata (Boyd) dìto eye 1.2) Sharwa (Gravina) di oeil, yeux 1.2.1) Sharwa (Gravina) di visage 1.3) Tsuvan (Johnston) adəŋ les yeux
2Proto-Daba *hɨrɨj eye oeil 2.1) Daba (Lienhard) hə̀rāʼ les yeux 2.2) MazagwayHidi (Noussi) rija oeil
3Proto-Mafa *daj eye oeil 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) daj oeil 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ⁿdej face visage 3.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) ⁿdej eye œil
4Proto-Tera *jɨtɨ eye oeil 4.1) Tera (Newman) jitə eye 4.2) Nyimatli (Harley) jiti eye
5Proto-Hurza *araj eye oeil 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) iɗe eye oeil, yeux 5.1.1) Mbuko (Gravina) iɗe face visage 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) āráj eye oeil
6Proto-Margi *li eye oeil 6.1) Margi (Hoffman) li eye 6.2) Margi South (Harley) li eye 6.3) Kilba (Schuh) li eye
7Proto-Mandara *di eye oeil 7.1) Matal (Branger) jawdi, jewdi, jewdəj eye oeil 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) de,-i oeil 7.3) Dghwede (Frick) ⁿde eye
8Proto-Mofu *haraj eye oeil 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ārāj eye oeil; oeil ; vision 8.2) Muyang (Smith) eri eye ; face ; share ; miserly œil; les yeux; visage; part 8.3) Mada (Nkoumou) èrè oeil 8.4) Moloko (Friesen) ele eye oeil 8.5) Zulgo (Haller) aré oeil m., yeux m.pl. 8.5.1) Zulgo (Haller) are oeil m., yeux m.pl. 8.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) ere eye œil 8.7) Merey (Gravina) ɗəre eye œil 8.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) re eye œil 8.9) Proto-Mofu Subgroup *daj ʸ eye oeil 8.10) Mofu North (Barreteau) dej eye oeil 8.11) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) dej eye oeil ; vue 8.11.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) dej face, likeness figure, visage
9Proto-Maroua *araj eye oeil 9.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) re eye œil 9.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) ʼaraj yeux, œil 9.2.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) àráj eye oeil
10Proto-Lamang *iri eye oeil 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) ílí eye 10.1.1) Lamang (Wolff) íl eyes 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) iri eye l'oeil
11Proto-Kotoko Island *jɨl eye oeil 11.1) Buduma (McKone) jəl oeil, yeux.
12Proto-Kotoko South *are eye oeil 12.1) Zina (Odden) ìrì eye œil 12.2) Mazera (Allison) ade eye œil
13Proto-Musgum *araj eye oeil 13.1) Vulum (Tourneux) araj yeux 13.2) Mbara (Tourneux) ree eyes yeux 13.2.1) Mbara (Tourneux) ree face
14Proto-Gidar *hara eye oeil 14.1) Gidar (Schuh) hara/a oeil 14.2) Gidar (Hungerford) hara oeil
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hɨra n. arm, hand bras, main (8 groups, 25 languages) C syn: paɮa, dzɨvɨ ʸ.
This is the most widely attested of the three roots for 'arm'. We expect to find *r→l in the languages of the North sub-branch, but the data from Podoko and much of the Mofu group contradicts this. Proto-Maroua *n word-final corresponds with *r word-final in these two groups, so it may be that the North sub-branch languages are reflexes of a different root *(a)han.
1Proto-Daba *ra arm bras 1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) rɑ arm bras 1.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) rɑ hand main 1.2) Gavar (Viljoen) rɑ hand main 1.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) rɑ arm bras
2Proto-Mafa *raj arm bras 2.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ráj main, bras 2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ha hand, hand main, bras
3Proto-Tera *xar arm bras 3.1) Tera (Newman) xar hand (arm) 3.2) Nyimatli (Harley) khar hand 3.3) Gaʼanda (Gwaji) ᵐbǝrahera arm
4Proto-Sukur *ri arm, hand bras, main 4.1) Sukur (David) ri arm, hand 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) rəi hand:- is the part of the body at the end of the arm.
5Proto-Hurza *alaj arm bras 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) alaj hand bras, main 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) āláj arm |uc{main, bras} - de l'épaule jusqu'au bout des doigts
6Proto-Mandara *harɨ arm bras 6.1) Matal (Branger) ahal arm bras 6.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) hará,-ə main; bras
7Proto-Mofu *ahɨr, hɨlaj arm bras 7.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) āhár arm - from the shoulder to the tips of the fingers |uc{main, bras} - de l'épaule jusqu'au bout des doigts 7.2) Muyang (Smith) ɑhɑr hand ; arm ; handle ; branch main; bras; manche; branche 7.3) Mada (Nkoumou) ahar bras supérieur 7.4) Moloko (Friesen) ahar arm; hand bras; main 7.5) Zulgo (Haller) ahə́r main f. 7.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) ahər arm bras 7.7) Merey (Gravina) həlaj arm bras, main 7.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) laj arm bras 7.8.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) laj hand main 7.9) Mofu North (Barreteau) hār bras, main 7.10) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) har hand, arm la main, bras 7.10.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) har (sens figuré) temps, occasion
8Proto-Maroua *han arm bras 8.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) haŋ main, bras 8.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) han, haŋ hand; arm main; bras 8.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) haŋ bras 8.3.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) hāŋ arm / hand bras / main
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hʷaraj n. shame honte (6 groups, 11 languages) B syn: zɨrwa ʸ.
This root is one of two roots for 'shame', the best attested concept that relates solely to an emotional state. The attestations are limited, which is to be expected as this concept is only found in the better developed word lists and dictionaries, but they come from a range of groups and show the changes that are expected in a long-standing Central Chadic root. The *hʷ is retained in Proto-Mafa, Proto-Mofu and Proto-Lamang. In the other three groups it is realised as *w, which is a common sporadic process. In Gemzek the labialisation component has been reanalysed as the labialisation prosody. The *r has undergone the regular change to *l in the languages of the North sub-branch and Proto-Daba, except that *r is found in Proto-Mofu. This indicates a certain degree of borrowing within Central Chadic. The *j is reanalysed as the palatalisation prosody in Daba, as /i/ in Gidar, and is lost in Hdi. These are all common sporadic processes.
1Proto-Daba *walɨ ʸ shame honte 1.1) Daba (Lienhard) wèlī la honte, la gêne
2Proto-Mafa *hʷaraj shame honte 2.1) Mafa (Barreteau) hʷaraj honte 2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) hʷaraj (be) ashamed (avoir) honte 2.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) hʷaraj shame (n) honte
3Proto-Hurza *waraj shame honte 3.1) Mbuko (Gravina) waraj shame honte
4Proto-Mofu *hʷaraj shame honte 4.1) Zulgo (Haller) hʷarwá honte f. 4.2) Gemzek (Sabatai) horo shame (n) honte 4.3) Merey (Gravina) hʷaraj shame (n) honte 4.4) Dugwor (Jubumna) hʷoraj shame (n) honte 4.5) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) hʷaraj honte, déshonneur
5Proto-Lamang *hʷɨla shame honte 5.1) Hdi (Bramlett) hula shame la honte
6Proto-Gidar *wɨli shame honte 6.1) Gidar (Hungerford) wɨli honte
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kɨr v., n. steal voler (16 groups, 49 languages) B
This is one of the best attested roots in Central Chadic. Some of the entries are for the verb 'to steal', and some are for the nouns 'theft' and 'thief'. It is not clear which form is the basic root. The *k has the reflexes *h, *hʷ, *ɣ and *ɣʷ, which are unestablished reflexes. No labialisation is reconstructed since the support comes only from an unusual reflex in Lagwan, and from the Giziga languages where sporadic labialisation is common. It is not clear whether the proto-form had *h or *k, but *k is preferred as *k→h is more common than the opposite change in Central Chadic. The *r has the regular reflex *l in the North sub-branch and Proto-Daba. The *r in Proto-Kotoko North is an exception. In a few languages *r has the reflex /ɗ/, which is an unestablished change. There is some evidence for reconstructing *i, but the mix of noun and verb forms makes it difficult to reconstruct the vowels with confidence. For this reason the root is given the confidence level B rather than A.
1Proto-Bata *hɨr steal voler 1.1) Bata (Boyd) hɨ́r steal 1.2) Gude (Hoskinson) harə steal. 1.3) Jimi (Djibi) hərən Voler, dérober ; 1.4) Sharwa (Gravina) har Voler, dérober 1.4.1) Sharwa (Gravina) maharə, maharəʼəkə Voleur,euse 1.5) Tsuvan (Johnston) ahəlle le voleur
2Proto-Daba *hɨl steal voler 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ŋhel steal voler (dérober) 2.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ŋhel thief voleur 2.1.2) Buwal (Viljoen) ŋhel theft vol 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ŋhəl steal voler (dérober) 2.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) ŋhəl thief voleur 2.2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ŋhəl theft 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) mihil theft vol 2.3.1) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) mihəl thief voleur 2.3.2) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) hil steal voler (dérober) 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) hə̄l faire ; lutter ; voler 2.5) MazagwayHidi (Noussi) həl vol
3Proto-Mafa *kɨr steal voler 3.1) Cuvok (Gravina) kəraw theft il faut voler 3.1.1) Cuvok (Gravina) kərej steal voler (dérober)
4Proto-Sukur *kɨr steal voler 4.1) Sukur (David) kər steal, to 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) kər steal; to take something from a person permission or without intending to return it or pay for it.
5Proto-Hurza *kɨra steal voler 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) akar theft vol 5.1.1) Mbuko (Gravina) kəra to steal st voler 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ākár vol
6Proto-Margi *hila steal voler 6.1) Bura (Blench) hila Theft 6.1.1) Bura (Blench) hila To steal 6.2) Margi South (Harley) həl to steal 6.3) Kilba (Schuh) həla theft
7Proto-Mandara *ɣɨl steal voler 7.1) Matal (Branger) màd ɡə̀l steal voler 7.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) ílá voler 7.2.1) Mandara (Fluckiger) ílá vol (m) 7.3) Malgwa (Löhr) naŋəle thief 7.3.1) Malgwa (Löhr) ŋəla steal 7.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) gla thief 7.4.1) Glavda (Owens) g thief 7.4.2) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ʁɨ́lᵊga steal 7.5) Dghwede (Frick) gəle thief
8Proto-Mofu *kɨl steal voler 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) àkàl vol 8.2) Mada (Nkoumou) akkal vol 8.3) Moloko (Friesen) akar robbery le vol 8.3.1) Moloko (Friesen) akar thief voleur 8.3.2) Moloko (Friesen) akar thief voleur 8.3.3) Moloko (Friesen) karaj steal voler; dérober 8.4) Zulgo (Haller) akə́l vol m. 8.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) akəl theft vol 8.5.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) mekəle steal voler (dérober) 8.6) Merey (Gravina) kəla steal voler (dérober) 8.6.1) Merey (Gravina) məkal theft vol, voleur 8.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) nəkal thief voleur 8.7.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) nəkal theft vol 8.7.2) Dugwor (Jubumna) mənəkəlej steal voler (dérober) 8.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) méhùlèj voler 8.8.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) méhùlèj dérober 8.8.2) Mofu North (Barreteau) máhàl voleur 8.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) lál voler, dérober, détourner 8.9.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) malaj voleur
9Proto-Maroua *hʷɨl steal voler 9.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) hul voler 9.1.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) hul mentir, faire son coup en douce, travailler par en dessous, fausseté, parler derrière pas franchement, calomnier 9.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) hul theft vol 9.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) laj voler (dérober) 9.3.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) àlāíʼ steal voler (dérober)
10Proto-Lamang *ɣila steal voler 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) ɣila steal 10.1.1) Lamang (Wolff) ɣìlì theft 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) ɣali thief le voleur
11Proto-Higi *ɣɨli steal voler 11.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ɣəli to steal 11.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ɣə̀lì steal 11.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ɣirə thief 11.2.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ɣire steal 11.3) Kirya (Blench) ɣə̀lə̀ steal 11.4) Bana (Lienhard) ɣ(ə̀)lí voler, piler
12Proto-Kotoko North *hir steal voler 12.1) Afade (Allison) hiʔi thief voleur 12.2) Mpade (Allison) háɗi thief voleur 12.3) Malgbe (Allison) hiru thief voleur
13Proto-Kotoko Centre *ɣʷɨj steal voler 13.1) Lagwan (Allison) musxui thief voleur 13.2) Mser (Allison) nɣej thief voleur
14Proto-Kotoko South *hɨla steal voler 14.1) Zina (Odden) àhə̀l thief voleur 14.2) Mazera (Allison) jale thief voleur
15Proto-Musgum *hɨl steal voler 15.1) Vulum (Tourneux) mihil vol
16Proto-Gidar *ɨhala steal voler 16.1) Gidar (Schuh) əhala voler (de voleur) 16.2) Gidar (Hungerford) ɨɨhala dérober, voler 16.3) Gidar (Hungerford) ɨ hala vol, derober
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kʷaraj n. rainbow, drought arc-en-ciel, sécheresse (5 groups, 17 languages) A
In most languages, this root has two senses: a rainbow; and a period of dry weather during rainy season. It is not obvious how the two senses are related, though the Giziga Moutourwa definition offers an interesting explanation. The root is found in the languages of the Mandara Mountains. There was a regular change *r→l in the North sub-branch, Proto-Daba and Cuvok, leaving Mafa as the only language represented here to retain *r.
1Proto-Daba *kʷalaj rainbow arc-en-ciel 1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) kʷɑlɑj drought, famine sécheresse, famine, disette 1.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) kʷɑlɑj rainbow arc-en-ciel 1.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ŋkʷɑlɑj drought, famine sécheresse, famine, disette 1.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) kolaj rainbow arc-en-ciel
2Proto-Mafa *kʷaraj rainbow arc-en-ciel 2.1) Mafa (Barreteau) kʷáráj arc-en-ciel 2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) kʷalaj drought, famine sécheresse, famine, disette
3Proto-Hurza *kʷɨlaj rainbow arc-en-ciel 3.1) Mbuko (Gravina) kulaj rainbow, dry period during rainy season arc en ciel, sécheresse entre les pluies
4Proto-Mofu *kʷɨlaj, makɨlah rainbow arc-en-ciel 4.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) mākʷālāj drought sécheresse ; périodes sèches de la saison des pluies 4.2) Muyang (Smith) mɑkʷɑl drought ; rainbow période de sécheresse après les premières sémailles: arc-en-ciel qui annonce soit une pluie immédiate, soit la sécheresse 4.3) Moloko (Friesen) kolaj rainbow arc en ciel 4.4) Zulgo (Haller) màkə̀làh arc-en-ciel m. 4.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) kula rainbow arc-en-ciel 4.5.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) kula drought, famine sécheresse, famine, disette 4.5.2) Gemzek (Sabatai) makəlah rainbow arc-en-ciel 4.6) Merey (Gravina) makəlah sécheresse 4.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) kulaj rainbow arc-en-ciel 4.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) kʷálàj arc-en-ciel, arrêt entre deux pluies 4.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) kʷalaj arc-en-ciel 4.9.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) kʷalaj sécheresse en saison des pluies
5Proto-Maroua *kʷalaj rainbow arc-en-ciel 5.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) kʷalaj (Mv kolaj) arc en ciel, le kwalay : arrête la pluie en pleine saison, même pendant 20 jours c'est le soleil qui se reflète sur de vieilles houes abandonnées en brousse, ce qui provoque l'arc-ce-ciel. il y a un grand serpent en haut ; s'il se roule sur lui-même il ne pleut pas ; s'il se déroule, il pleut (kaw madiëa) 5.1.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) kʷalaj (Mv kolaj) empècher de pleuvoir 5.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) kolaj rainbow arc-en-ciel 5.2.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) kolaj drought, famine sécheresse, famine, disette
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kʷɨnɨj n. urine urine (13 groups, 31 languages) B
This root is well attested across the Central Chadic languages. The *kʷ is retained in most groups, but has the reflex *k in Proto-Hurza, Proto-Kotoko South and Proto-Gidar, a sporadic change. There is a regular *n→r change word-medially in Proto-Mandara, and a sporadic *n͏→r change in some of the Kotoko groups. This change also appears in the Mafa and Sukur data, where it is irregular. There is a subsequent unestablished *r→ɗ change, which gives the forms for Proto-Hurza, several Mofu group languages and Mazera. The distribution of the changes suggests that a certain degree of borrowing took place between languages. The *j has been vocalised in several languages, and in Gidar it is reanalysed as the palatalisation prosody, both of which are common sporadic processes.
1Proto-Mafa *kʷɨraj urine urine 1.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) kuraj urine
2Proto-Sukur *kʷɨr ʸ urine urine 2.1) Sukur (Thomas) miskuir urine
3Proto-Hurza *mɨkaɗaj urine urine 3.1) Mbuko (Gravina) məkaɗaj urine urine 3.2) Vame (Kinnaird) kə̄māɗáj, kumaɗaj (Afem) tribe ; descendant urine; tribu ; descendant
4Proto-Margi *kʷɨni urine urine 4.1) Bura (Blench) kini Urine 4.2) Kilba (Schuh) kunji urine
5Proto-Mandara *kʷɨrɨj urine urine 5.1) Matal (Branger) kᶷlāj urine urine 5.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) kure,-i urine 5.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) kúré urine (f) 5.4) Malgwa (Löhr) kure urine 5.5) Glavda (Owens) kur urine 5.5.1) Glavda (Nghagyiva) kùrìja urine
6Proto-Mofu *kʷɨnaj urine urine 6.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) kūnāj urine 6.2) Muyang (Smith) kʉɗiŋ urine urine 6.3) Mada (Nkoumou) kʷne urine 6.4) Moloko (Friesen) kʷənen urine urine 6.5) Zulgo (Haller) kʷìɗé urine f. 6.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) kuɗe urine urine 6.7) Merey (Gravina) kuɗe urine urine 6.7.1) Merey (Gravina) kuɗej urine 6.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) kuneŋ urine urine 6.9) Mofu North (Barreteau) kùràj urine 6.10) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) kuráj urine
7Proto-Maroua *kʷɨnaj urine urine 7.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) kʷanaj urine 7.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) kunaj urine urine 7.3) Mbazla (SILSurvey) kúnaíʼ urine urine 7.3.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) kunaj urine
8Proto-Lamang *kʷani urine urine 8.1) Hdi (Bramlett) kʷani urine l'urine
9Proto-Kotoko Island *kʷaraj urine urine 9.1) Buduma (McKone) koraj urine.
10Proto-Kotoko North *kʷɨre urine urine 10.1) Mpade (Allison) kúrè urine urine
11Proto-Kotoko Centre *kʷɨne urine urine 11.1) Lagwan (Allison) nkune urine urine 11.2) Mser (Allison) kure urine urine
12Proto-Kotoko South *kɨmaɗe urine urine 12.1) Mazera (Allison) kɨmaɗe urine urine
13Proto-Gidar *kɨna ʸ urine urine 13.1) Gidar (Hungerford) kine urine 13.2) Gidar (Schuh) kine/e urine
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ɬinɨ nf., v. work travail (11 groups, 34 languages) A
*ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch, and here that is the case in Proto-Daba and Proto-Sukur. However, in the Tera group we expect /ɮ/ but find /ɬ/, and in the Bata group we expect /ɮ/ in Tsuvan and /l/ in the other languages cited, but find /ɬ/ in all languages except Bata. The *n has the regular reflex *r in the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group, and here also in the Giziga languages, borrowed from Mofu-Gudur. *i is reconstructed based on its presence in Proto-Bata, Proto-Margi, Proto-Mandara and Proto-Higi. In most other groups *i is no longer contrastive.
1Proto-Bata *ɬinɨ work travail 1.1) Bata (Boyd) lènto work 1.2) Gude (Hoskinson) ɬənə work 1.2.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ɬə̀ná -ə work 1.3) Jimi (Djibi) ɬinən Travail, travailler ; 1.4) Sharwa (Gravina) ɬən travail 1.5) Tsuvan (Johnston) ɬinikən le travail
2Proto-Daba *ɮɨn work travail 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ɮɑn work (n) travail 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ɮən work (n) travail
3Proto-Tera *ɬɨna work travail 3.1) Tera (Newman) ɬəna work 3.2) Nyimatli (Harley) ɬu̱na work (n)
4Proto-Sukur *ɮɨn work travail 4.1) Sukur (David) ɮən work 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) ɮən work
5Proto-Hurza *ɬɨna work travail 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) aɬan travail 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ɬə̄rá work travail
6Proto-Margi *ɬir work travail 6.1) Bura (Blench) kiɬir Work 6.2) Margi (Hoffman) ɬər work 6.3) Kilba (Schuh) ɬəra// work
7Proto-Mandara *ɬɨri work travail 7.1) Matal (Branger) ɬᵊ̄rāj work travail 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ɬərá travailler, cultiver 7.2.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) ɬəra,-i travail 7.3) Malgwa (Löhr) thləra work 7.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ɬɾa work (n) 7.4.1) Glavda (Owens) łə work 7.5) Dghwede (Frick) ɬəra work
8Proto-Mofu *ɬɨr work travail 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) àɬə̀r work travail 8.2) Moloko (Friesen) ɬərele work travail 8.3) Gemzek (Sabatai) məɬer work (n) travail 8.4) Merey (Gravina) məɬer work (n) travail 8.5) Dugwor (Jubumna) məɬer work (n) travail 8.6) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɬəra travail
9Proto-Maroua *ɬɨra work travail 9.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ɬra, ɬra travail 9.1.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ɬra travail 9.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) ɬira work (n) travail
10Proto-Lamang *ɬɨna work travail 10.1) Hdi (Bramlett) ɬəna work le travail
11Proto-Higi *ɬinɨ work travail 11.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ɬə́nə́ Work 11.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ɬinə work 11.3) Kirya (Blench) ɬə́nə́ work, duty 11.4) Psikye (Angelo) ɬə́nə́ work 11.5) Bana (Lienhard) ɬə́ní travail, travailler
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ɬɨrɨgi nf. root racine (11 groups, 31 languages) C
This root presents some difficulties in its reconstruction. The *ɬ is expected to have the reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch, but this is not the case in any of the South groups (Bata, Daba, Mafa, Sukur). In the Bata group, there should also have been a subsequent change *ɮ→l in most languages, and this has not taken place. However, the regular change *r→l in the North sub-branch has taken place with a good degree of consistency. The *g has the unestablished reflexes /k/, /h/, /ᵑg/, /ŋ/ and /j/. In the Daba, Mafa and Maroua groups, and in some Mofu group languages, there is reduplication of the *ɬ. This is normally a sign that an initial consonant such as *h has been lost, but there is no direct evidence for such an initial consonant.
1Proto-Bata *ɬɨrɨgi root racine 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) lhə́rə̀gínə root(s) 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) ɬərəgin Racines 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) ɬjərjəgi racine 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) ɬere la racine
2Proto-Daba *ɬaɬalaj root racine 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ɬɑɬɑlɑj root racine
3Proto-Mafa *ɬaɬaraj root racine 3.1) Cuvok (Gravina) ɬaɬalaj root racine
4Proto-Sukur *ɬɨj root racine 4.1) Sukur (David) ɬi root 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) ɬəi root:- the part of a plant that grows under the ground and absorbs water and minerals that is send to the rest of the plant.
5Proto-Hurza *ɬɨlɨkaj root racine 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ɬəlaj root racine 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ɬə̄lkē root racine
6Proto-Mandara *ɬalɨh root racine 6.1) Matal (Branger) ɬⁱ̄lɪ̀h root racine 6.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) ɬalwe racine (f) 6.3) Malgwa (Löhr) thlalawe root 6.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ɬàlīja root 6.5) Dghwede (Frick) ɬəla root
7Proto-Mofu *ɬɨlaj root racine 7.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ɬìkìlì root racine 7.2) Moloko (Friesen) ɬəlaj root racine 7.3) Zulgo (Haller) ɮílé racine f. 7.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) ɮəle racine 7.5) Merey (Gravina) ɮəlaj root racine 7.6) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɮəɮəlaj root racine 7.7) Mofu North (Barreteau) ɬə́fáj root racine 7.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɬaɬalaj racine ; (sens fig.) fils, richesse
8Proto-Maroua *ɬaɬalaki root racine 8.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ɬaɬalak(a) daᵐbaɬa (Mj) racine d'arbre, remède (Mv: slaslak= dambasla: écorce de racine, racine. Mj slaslalak= racine d'un arbre sec 8.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) ɬaɬalak root racine 8.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) ʃilki, tʃelki racine 8.3.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) hìlíkiʼ root racine
9Proto-Lamang *ɬɨrɨŋ root racine 9.1) Hdi (Bramlett) ɬərəŋ root la racine
10Proto-Higi *ɬɨlɨᵑgɨ root racine 10.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) thlərəna root 10.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) thərna root 10.2) Kirya (Blench) ɬìrᵑgá root 10.3) Psikye (Angelo) ɬúgú root 10.4) Bana (Lienhard) xjílílìŋ(ə) racine
11Proto-Gidar *ɬalwaja root racine 11.1) Gidar (Hungerford) ɬalwaja racine
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raj n. field champ (5 groups, 12 languages) B syn: gʷɨvɨh, sɨka, ɣʷɨr.
This is one of several roots found within Central Chadic for 'field'. The Kotoko North languages are distant from the other languages where this root is found, so the forms found there might just be chance similarities. There were regular changes *r→l in the groups of the North sub-branch (here Mofu and Kotoko North), in Proto-Daba and in Cuvok.
1Proto-Bata *rɨ field champ 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) rá -ə field, farm plot 1.2) Sharwa (Gravina) rə Champ 1.3) Tsuvan (Johnston) əle le champs
2Proto-Daba *laj field champ 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) lɑ field champ 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) lɑ field champ 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) laj fields champs 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) làj bīz le champs
3Proto-Mafa *raj ʸ field champ 3.1) Cuvok (Gravina) lej fields champs
4Proto-Mofu *laj ʸ field champ 4.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) lēj champ 4.1.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) lēj brousse 4.1.2) Mofu North (Barreteau) lēj sauv"age (eu ....s?) 4.2) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) lej field champ, «brousse» (fr. d'Afrique) ; sauvage (en locution)
5Proto-Kotoko North *lala field champ 5.1) Afade (Allison) lala the bush, fields brousse, champs 5.2) Mpade (Allison) làlà the bush, fields brousse, champs
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rɨgɨɗ ʸ nm. bow arc (12 groups, 36 languages) A
This word denotes the bow used for hunting or warfare. There was a regular change *r→l in the groups of the North sub-branch and Cuvok. Here we also find /l/ in Mafa where /r/ is expected. The *g has the reflex *k in Proto-Mafa, Proto-Mandara and Proto-Maroua. It has the reflex *ɣ in Proto-Lamang, and has been lost in Proto-Tera and Proto-Sukur, possibly following an earlier *g→ɣ. These are unestablished changes. *ɗ has been lost in most groups. This may be due to interaction with the palatalisation prosody, i.e. *ɗ ʸ→j, with *j being lost or reanalysed in some groups. This is a common sporadic process.
1Proto-Bata *ragɨ bow arc 1.1) Bata (Boyd) ràgé bow 1.2) Gude (Hoskinson) ràgá -ə bow 1.3) Jimi (Djibi) ragən Arc
2Proto-Mafa *lakaɗ ʸ, lalaŋ bow arc 2.1) Mafa (Barreteat) lekeɗ arc 2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) lalaŋ bow (hunting) arc (de chasse)
3Proto-Tera *ri bow arc 3.1) Tera (Newman) ri bow 3.2) Nyimatli (Harley) ri bow (hunting)
4Proto-Sukur *raj bow arc 4.1) Sukur (David) raj bow 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) rai bow: is to used with arrow for shooting things of people.
5Proto-Hurza *lɨga ʸ bow arc 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) liᵑge bow arc 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) lə́ká bow ; arch arc
6Proto-Margi *laga bow arc 6.1) Bura (Blench) làlì Bow (weapon) 6.2) Margi (Hoffman) laga bow 6.3) Margi South (Harley) lagga bow 6.4) Kilba (Schuh) laga bow
7Proto-Mandara *lika bow arc 7.1) Matal (Branger) ālàk bow arc 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) liká,-a arc 7.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) elke arc (m) 7.4) Malgwa (Löhr) əlke bow 7.5) Glavda (Nghagyiva) làːːʁa bow (hunting)
8Proto-Mofu *hɨlɨgɨɗ ʸ bow arc 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) àlàk bow arc 8.2) Mada (Nkoumou) elekeɗ/elegeɗ arc 8.3) Moloko (Friesen) meᵑgelek bow arc 8.4) Zulgo (Haller) lìkíɗ arc m. 8.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) halaŋ bow (hunting) arc (de chasse) 8.6) Merey (Gravina) lalaŋ arc 8.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) həlek bow (hunting) arc (de chasse) 8.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) lálàŋ arc 8.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) leléŋ arc 8.9.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) leléŋ humidité (après la pluie)
9Proto-Maroua *halak ʸ bow arc 9.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) helek bow (hunting) arc (de chasse) 9.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) helek arc
10Proto-Lamang *lɨɣeɗ bow arc 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) leɣe bow 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) ləɣeɗ bow l'arc
11Proto-Higi *lɨgɨj bow arc 11.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) lìgjí Bow 11.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ligji bow 11.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) regi bow (for hunting) 11.3) Bana (Lienhard) rə̀gì arc (pour chasser)
12Proto-Musgum *gɨⁿdɨlɨŋ ʸ bow arc 12.1) Mbara (Tourneux) giⁿdiliŋ bow
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sɨk ʸ n. leg jambe (3 groups, 15 languages) B syn: ʃi, sɨraj.
This root is only found in three adjacent groups. In Mafa, this root has the meaning 'foot', whilst the reflex of the root *sɨraj has the meaning 'leg'. In some languages of the Mandara group *k→g, which is an unestablished change.
1Proto-Mafa *sak ʸ leg jambe 1.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) sak pied 1.2) Cuvok (Gravina) sek foot pied
2Proto-Mandara *sɨkɨ ʸ leg jambe 2.1) Matal (Branger) asik, aʃik leg jambe 2.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ʃɨgé,-ə 1 pied, jambe 2.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ʃɨ́ga leg 2.4) Dghwede (Frick) səge leg, foot
3Proto-Mofu *sɨk ʸ leg jambe 3.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) sèk foot pied ; jambe 3.2) Muyang (Smith) ɑsɑk leg ; foot ; time ; foundation ; tyre pied; jambe; fondation; pneu 3.3) Mada (Nkoumou) ʃek jambe 3.4) Moloko (Friesen) asak foot; leg pied; jambe 3.5) Zulgo (Haller) sík jambe f., pied m. 3.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) sek leg jambe 3.7) Merey (Gravina) sik leg jambe, pied 3.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) sek leg jambe 3.8.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) sek foot pied 3.9) Mofu North (Barreteau) sék jambe 3.9.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) sék mesure 3.9.2) Mofu North (Barreteau) sék fois-un, deux.
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sɨraj nf. leg jambe (12 groups, 26 languages) B syn: ʃi, sɨk ʸ.
This root is the most widespread of the roots for 'leg'. In Proto-Tera, *z is expected from a regular *s→z change, but *s is present. There is a regular change *r→l in the North sub-branch, the Daba group and in Cuvok. However, in the Mandara, Maroua and Higi groups we have /r/, and in Mafa we have /l/. In the Bata group *r has the unestablished reflex /ɗ/. *j has been reanalysed as *i in Proto-Margi and Proto-Kotoko North, a common sporadic process.
1Proto-Bata *sɨɗɨ leg jambe 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) sə̀ɗá -ə (inher. poss., body part) foot, leg 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) səɗən Pied 1.2.1) Jimi (Djibi) ʃəranjən Jambe, partie qui se trouve en-dessous des genoux. 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) ʃiɗə jambe 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) səɗe la jambe
2Proto-Daba *sasalaj leg jambe 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) sɑsɑlɑj leg jambe
3Proto-Mafa *sasalaj leg jambe 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ʃeʃelaj jambe 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) sasalaj leg jambe
4Proto-Tera *sara leg jambe 4.1) Tera (Newman) sara leg 4.2) Nyimatli (Harley) sara foot 4.2.1) Nyimatli (Harley) sara leg
5Proto-Hurza *sɨraj leg jambe 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) saraj leg, foot jambe, pied 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) sə̄láj leg jambe
6Proto-Margi *sil leg jambe 6.1) Bura (Blench) sil Foot
7Proto-Mandara *sɨra leg jambe 7.1) Mandara (Fluckiger) sérá pied (m), patte (f), roue (f) 7.2) Malgwa (Löhr) səra foot, leg
8Proto-Mofu *salaj leg jambe 8.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) sálaj leg, foot jambe, pied, patte 8.1.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) sálaj fois (une -, deux -, etc.)
9Proto-Maroua *sir, sar leg jambe 9.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) sasala kiⁿdaŋ jambe, tibia 9.1.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) sasala siⁿdaŋ jambe, tibia 9.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) sar foot pied 9.2.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) sar leg jambe 9.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) sir pied
10Proto-Lamang *sɨla leg jambe 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) sə́rá leg 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) səla leg la jambe
11Proto-Higi *sɨra leg jambe 11.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) səra leg 11.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) sira foot 11.3) Kirya (Blench) sə́lá leg 11.4) Psikye (Angelo) səɗá foot 11.5) Bana (Lienhard) sə́ɗá pied, jambe, patte
12Proto-Kotoko North *sali leg jambe 12.1) Mpade (Allison) sálíó leg jambe
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sɨrɨk ʸ n. jealousy jalousie (11 groups, 25 languages) B
This root, along with 'shame', is one of only two roots relating to emotional states that have been reconstructed. There is a regular change *s→z in Proto-Tera, and *r→l in the North sub-branch. *l is also expected in Proto-Daba, though *r is found. Support for the palatalisation prosody is not complete, but is present in most groups where it is a feature. The final *k has the reflex *h in some groups, and has been lost in others. This is an unestablished process. *n is found in its place in Proto-Maroua, which is also an unestablished change.
1Proto-Bata *sɨrɨhɨ jealousy jalousie 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) sərəha be jealous 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) sərəhən Etre jaloux ;
2Proto-Daba *sɨrah ʸ jealousy jalousie 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) sərɑh jealousy jalousie 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) sərɑh (be) jealous (lit. do jealousy) (être) jaloux 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) sərah (be) jealous (être) jaloux 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) sə̀rèh s'enorgueillir, être jaloux, envier
3Proto-Mafa *sɨrak ʸ jealousy jalousie 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) sə́rák jalousie 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) səlek (be) jealous (être) jaloux 3.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) səlek jalousie
4Proto-Tera *ziri jealous jaloux 4.1) Nyimatli (Harley) ʒiri (be) jealous
5Proto-Sukur *sɨrɨh jealousy jalousie 5.1) Sukur (Thomas) sərəh jealousy
6Proto-Hurza *sɨrak jealousy jalousie 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) sərak jealousy jalousie
7Proto-Margi *silka jealousy jalousie 7.1) Bura (Blench) silka To envy, be jealous 7.1.1) Bura (Blench) silka Envy, jealousy
8Proto-Mandara *sɨlɨ jealousy jalousie 8.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) ʃirá,-ə jalousie 8.2) Malgwa (Löhr) ʃələŋa jealousy, rivalry 8.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) sɨ́lga (be) jealous 8.3.1) Glavda (Owens) s€l jealousy
9Proto-Mofu *sɨlɨk ʸ jealousy jalousie 9.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) sīlík jealousy jalousie ; querelle 9.2) Muyang (Smith) zirej être jaloux de 9.3) Moloko (Friesen) səlek jealousy jalousie 9.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) solo jalousie 9.4.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) səlak jalousie 9.5) Merey (Gravina) səlak jealous jaloux, jalousie 9.6) Dugwor (Jubumna) səlek araj (be) jealous (être) jaloux 9.7) Mofu North (Barreteau) sə́léŋ jalousie 9.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) səleŋ jalousie, envie, jaloux (Gudur)
10Proto-Maroua *sɨlan ʷ jealousy jaloux 10.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) sulon (be) jealous (être) jaloux
11Proto-Higi *sɨlkɨ jealousy jaloux 11.1) Kirya (Blench) sə̀lkə́ to be envious, jealous
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sɨwra₁ num. two deux (7 groups, 12 languages) A syn: ɓɨwak, tsɨjɨw, kasi.
This root is not well-attested in Central Chadic, but evidence from other branches indicates that this was probably the Proto-Chadic root. *w has been reanalysed as a vowel or the labialisation prosody, or has been lost. These are common sporadic processes. There was a regular change *r→l in the North sub-branch, though *r is present in Proto-Mandara, and /d/ is present in Bura.
1Proto-Daba *sɨraj two deux 1.1) Daba (Lienhard) sə́rāj deux
2Proto-Tera *sɨrri two deux 2.1) Gaʼanda (Gwaji) sǝrri two
3Proto-Margi *suda two deux 3.1) Bura (Blench) suda Two
4Proto-Mandara *sɨra two deux 4.1) Matal (Branger) sᵊ̄là two deux 4.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) sərá,-a deux
5Proto-Mofu *sɨwla two deux 5.1) Mada (Nkoumou) səlá deux 5.2) Zulgo (Haller) súla deux 5.3) Gemzek (Sabatai) sulo two deux 5.4) Merey (Gravina) sulo two (2) deux (2) 5.5) Dugwor (Jubumna) səla two (2) deux (2)
6Proto-Musgum *sɨlɨ ʷ two deux 6.1) Vulum (Tourneux) sulu deux
7Proto-Gidar *sɨwla two deux 7.1) Gidar (Hungerford) sula deux 7.2) Gidar (Schuh) suula, a deux 7.3) Gidar (Hungerford) sula deux
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vɨdɨj nm. monkey singe (5 groups, 16 languages) C
There are three species of monkey indigenous to the Central Chadic region, the patas, the vervet and the baboon. This term was probably generic. The changes *v→f in Proto-Kotoko North and *v→b in Gidar are both regular. The quality of the medial consonant is unclear. There was a general regular change *r→l in the North sub-branch (which encompasses all groups represented here except for Tera) and also a medial change *d→r. The data is most consistent with *d as the medial consonant, even though *d is only present in one language. There are possible cognates of the form [vɨdze] in the Lamang and Hurza groups.
1Proto-Tera *viɗi monkey singe 1.1) Tera (Newman) viɗi monkey (general term and esp. red patas) 1.2) Nyimatli (Harley) viti monkey
2Proto-Mandara *vɨri monkey singe 2.1) Matal (Branger) vədaj monkey singe 2.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) véré singe (m) 2.3) Malgwa (Löhr) vəre monkey gen., ape 2.4) Glavda (Owens) bíri monkey
3Proto-Mofu *vɨrɨj monkey singe 3.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) və̀ràj singe 3.2) Muyang (Smith) viri Patas monkey singe rouge 3.3) Zulgo (Haller) bìrè cynocéphale m. 3.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) bəre monkey singe 3.5) Merey (Gravina) bəre monkey singe 3.6) Dugwor (Jubumna) bəre monkey singe
4Proto-Kotoko North *fɨli monkey singe 4.1) Afade (Allison) fɨli monkey singe 4.2) Mpade (Allison) flì monkey singe 4.3) Malgbe (Allison) fli monkey singe
5Proto-Gidar *bɨrɨja monkey singe 5.1) Gidar (Schuh) bərja/a singe 5.2) Gidar (Hungerford) brija singe 5.3) Gidar (Hungerford) brija babouin
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wɨraj nm. neck cou (12 groups, 29 languages) A syn: ɣɨwaj.
This is a widespread root with a complex history. The final *j has been lost in a number of groups, and in the Margi, Higi and Musgum groups it has been reanalysed as palatalisation. These are common sporadic processes. The *r has the regular reflex *l in the groups of the North sub-branch, and also the Daba group. However there was an irregular change *r to *ɗ in Proto-Mafa, which spread to Proto-Maroua, Proto-Mofu and Proto-Sukur. There was then a further change to *ʔ in Proto-Sukur and Proto-Maroua, and to /d/ in Mafa, which are unestablished changes. The initial *w has been lost in several groups, and in Sukur has fused with the /ʔ/. These are common sporadic processes.
1Proto-Bata *wɨra neck cou 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ùurá (inher. poss., body part); neck, throat 1.1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ùurá voice, language (reg. poss.) 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) wuran 1 - Cou; 2 - Langue parlée; 3 - Gorge 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) wura Cou 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) wula le cou
2Proto-Daba *wɨla neck cou 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ulɑ neck cou 2.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ulɑ voice voix 2.1.2) Buwal (Viljoen) ulɑ cry cri 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) wəlɑ neck cou 2.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) wəlɑ voice voix 2.2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) wəlɑ cry cri 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) wula neck cou 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) wə̀là le cou ; appeler
3Proto-Mafa *ɗaja neck cou 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) dájá cou
4Proto-Sukur *ʔʷaj neck cou 4.1) Sukur (David) ʼoj neck
5Proto-Margi *wɨla ʸ neck cou 5.1) Bura (Blench) wulja Neck (general term) Neck of a musical instrumnent such as gulum or yakandi 5.2) Margi South (Harley) gjulija neck 5.3) Kilba (Schuh) wulja neck
6Proto-Mofu *ɗaj neck cou 6.1) Zulgo (Haller) ɗa cou m. 6.2) Gemzek (Sabatai) bijɗa le cou 6.2.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) bijɗa voice voix 6.3) Merey (Gravina) ɗaj cou 6.3.1) Merey (Gravina) ɗaj neck cou, voix 6.4) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɗaj voice voix 6.4.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɗaj throat gorge 6.4.2) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɗaj neck cou 6.5) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɗaj neck cou 6.5.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɗaj voix
7Proto-Maroua *ʔaj neck cou 7.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) aj neck cou 7.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) ʼaj cou 7.2.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) ājīʼ neck (front & back) cou (nuque et gorge)
8Proto-Lamang *ulek neck cou 8.1) Lamang (Wolff) ulek neck
9Proto-Higi *wɨlɨj neck cou 9.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) wuljə neck 9.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) wulji neck 9.3) Kirya (Blench) wúɽí neck, voice 9.4) Bana (Lienhard) wə́rí cou, voix
10Proto-Kotoko South *ɣʷɨre neck cou 10.1) Zina (Odden) wùni neck cou 10.2) Mazera (Allison) ɣule neck cou
11Proto-Musgum *wɨla ʸ neck cou 11.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) wile cou
12Proto-Gidar *wɨla neck cou 12.1) Gidar (Schuh) wula, a cou 12.2) Gidar (Hungerford) wəlaʼ cou
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zɨgʷɨn n. child enfant (6 groups, 17 languages) C
This root is difficult to reconstruct. The initial *z is stable, though it metathesises with *gʷ in Proto-Mandara and Proto-Lamang, which is an unusual process for these consonants. There was a regular word-final change *n→r in the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group, though this is not evident in Ouldeme. The final consonant has been lost in Proto-Higi, which is a common sporadic process. The *gʷ has the reflex /g/ in Jimi and Malgwa, and /w/ in Podoko, Proto-Maroua and Proto-Lamang. In many cases it is reanalysed as either /u/ or the labialisation prosody. These are common sporadic processes. The Kirya and Psikye forms are hard to analyse. It appears that the labialisation has separated from the /g/ component of *gʷ, but this process is not noted elsewhere in Central Chadic. There are several roots in other languages which look similar and may be cognate, e.g. Bura /bzər/ and Mbuko /wan/.
1Proto-Bata *zɨgɨn child enfant 1.1) Jimi (Djibi) zegən Enfant
2Proto-Mandara *gʷɨzɨr child enfant 2.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) udzəra,-ə 1 enfant 2.1.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) udzəra,-ə 2 fruit 2.2) Malgwa (Löhr) əgza child 2.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) zɾa child 2.3.1) Glavda (Owens) zə child 2.4) Dghwede (Frick) vdʒire child
3Proto-Mofu *zazaŋ ʸ child enfant 3.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) zèzéŋ baby bébé
4Proto-Maroua *zɨn ʷ child enfant 4.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) zuŋ, plr - ziri 1) enfant, petit enfant des deux sexes, 2) fille, fillette 4.1.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ziri, ziraj, zir enfants 4.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) zun child enfant 4.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) ziŋ enfant 4.3.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) nzíl child enfant
5Proto-Lamang *wɨzaŋ child enfant 5.1) Lamang (Wolff) úzàŋà son, child, boy 5.2) Hdi (Bramlett) zwaŋ child l'enfant
6Proto-Higi *zɨgʷi child enfant 6.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) zəgʷi child 6.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) zəgʷi child 6.3) Kirya (Blench) zwə̀gà child 6.4) Psikye (Angelo) wuzəgə́ child 6.5) Bana (Lienhard) z(ə)ɣʷə̀ enfant
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