Search results for "takʷ"

dzɨgʷɨr n. hump bosse (10 groups, 18 languages) C
This root denotes the hump on a zebu cow, and is used by extension for a human hunchback. It is found almost exclusively in the languages of the North sub-branch. It may have come into Central Chadic from an old form of the Kanuri
zugure, or the transmission may have been in the opposite direction. If the root did come from Kanuri, the back vowels were reanalysed as labialisation of the /g/. Given the widespread distribution of the root, and evidence that the early Central Chadic peoples were cattle-herders, it seems more probable that the root spread from Central Chadic to Kanuri, though the forms in Musgum and some of the Kotoko groups may be due to borrowing the more recent form of the Kanuri word. Two groups have *ɗ as the initial consonant, possibly reflecting the arrival of the same root but from a different source.

1Proto-Daba ɗɨgʷɨr ʸ hump bosse 1.1) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ɗiᵑgir hump (of cow) bosse (de vache) 1.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ɗəᵑgur hump bosse 1.3) Buwal (Viljoen) ɗəgʷar hump bosse

2Proto-Tera ɗɨgʷɨl hump bosse 2.1) Nyimatli (Harley) ɗugul hump bosse

3Proto-Sukur *dzɨgʷɨɗ ʸ hump bosse 3.1) Sukur (David) dʒiguɗ hump, of cow 3.2) Sukur (Thomas) dʒiguɗ hump, a large lump at the back of animals, specially camel, cow

4Proto-Hurza *dzɨgʷar hump bosse 4.1) Mbuko (Gravina) mədzəgar cow hump bosse (f) d'un boeuf 4.2) Vame (Kinnaird) hʷádègʷàr hump of a cow bosse de boeuf

5Proto-Margi *dzikʷɨr ʸ, madagara hump bosse 5.1) Bura (Blench) madagara Stooped, hump-backed 5.1.1) Bura (Blench) madakara Stooped, hump-backed. See madagara 5.1.2) Bura (Blench) dʒukur Bump or hump of a cow 5.1.3) Bura (Blench) dʒikur Hump on cattle

6Proto-Mofu *madzɨgɨr, mɨtakʷar hump bosse 6.1) Moloko (Friesen) mətokor hump on an animal or person bosse d'un animal ou d'une personne 6.2) Zulgo (Haller) mádzə̀gə̀r bosse (f.) d'un animal 6.3) Gemzek (Sabatai) madzəgar hump (of hunchback) bosse 6.3.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) madzəgar bump (n) bosse 6.3.2) Gemzek (Sabatai) madzəgar hump (of cow) bosse (de vache) 6.4) Merey (Gravina) madzəgar hump (of hunchback) bosse 6.5) Mofu North (Barreteau) mádzə̀gàr bosse (de zébu)

7Proto-Kotoko North *sɨgʷɨre hump bosse 7.1) Mpade (Allison) súgùré hump (of cow) bosse (de vache) 7.2) Malgbe (Allison) sɨgbɨre hump (of cow) bosse (de vache) 7.2.1) Malgbe (Allison) sɨgbɨre hump (of hunchback) bosse

8Proto-Kotoko Centre *zɨrkʼʷa hump bosse 8.1) Lagwan (Allison) zurkʼʷa hump (of cow) bosse (de vache)

9Proto-Kotoko South *dzaŋkʷara hump bosse 9.1) Mazera (Allison) dʒaŋkʷara hump (of cow) bosse (de vache)

10Proto-Musgum *zɨgʷɨrij hump bosse 10.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) zugurii bosse de la vache

11Kanuri zúgùrè //// tsúgurē hump (of cow) bosse (de vache)
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sɨᵐbɨti ʸ nf. hair cheveux (5 groups, 8 languages) D syn: ᵑgʷɨts ʸ.
This root is found in the south-west of the Central Chadic area. The *ᵐb has reflexes including /ɓʷ/, /w/ and zero, none of which are known to be regular. The root is difficult to reconstruct with confidence.

1Proto-Bata *sɨɓʷɨti ʸ hair cheveux 1.1) Bata (Boyd) ʃewto hair of head, pubic hair 1.2) Sharwa (Gravina) ʃəɓʷəti Cheveu(x) 1.3) Tsuvan (Johnston) suɓte les cheveux

2Proto-Sukur *suᵐbut ʸ hair cheveux 2.1) Sukur (David) ʃuᵐbut hair

3Proto-Mofu *sɨᵐbatakʷ ʸ hair cheveux 3.1) Moloko (Friesen) səᵐbetewk hair cheveux; poils

4Proto-Lamang *sɨwidi hair cheveux 4.1) Hdi (Bramlett) swidi hair les cheveux 4.1.1) Hdi (Bramlett) səwidi hair le poil, les cheveux

5Proto-Higi *sʲɨtsi hair cheveux 5.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ʃintji hair 5.2) Bana (Lienhard) sə̀tì un cheveu, un poil, une plume 5.2.1) Bana (Lienhard) ʃtì cheveux
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takʷ n. horse cheval (5 groups, 10 languages) B syn: pɨrɨs ʸ, bɨskʷan.
This is one of three main roots for 'horse' in Central Chadic. There is an irregular change *t→d in Proto-Daba and Sukur, and the sporadic change *kʷ→hʷ in Proto-Bata.

1Proto-Bata *tɨhʷɨ horse cheval 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) tə̀hʷá -ə horse

2Proto-Daba *dakʷ horse cheval 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) dɑkʷ horse cheval 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) dɑkʷ horse cheval 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) dok horse cheval

3Proto-Sukur *dɨkʷ horse cheval 3.1) Sukur (David) duk horse 3.2) Sukur (Thomas) dəkʼu horse:- is a large domestic animals mostly used for king.

4Proto-Margi *takʷ horse cheval 4.1) Bura (Blench) taku Horse 4.2) Margi (Hoffman) tagu horse 4.3) Margi South (Harley) tagu horse 4.4) Kilba (Schuh) taku horse

5Proto-Higi *tɨkʷ horse cheval 5.1) Kirya (Blench) tə̀kú horse
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tsɨkʷɨr n. chicken poulet (9 groups, 18 languages) D
Chicken farming is probably a comparatively recent activity amongst Central Chadic peoples. Proto-Central Chadic *r→l in the North sub-branch, but that change is not apparent in the data, indicating that the word entered Central Chadic after the time of the sound change, but at a time when /r/ had re-entered the phonemic inventory of the North languages from another mechanism. There is considerable variation in the forms that are attested, making it difficult to reconstruct the history of this word.

1Proto-Mafa *watsak chicken poulet 1.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) watʃak chicken poulet

2Proto-Sukur *takʷɨr chicken poulet 2.1) Sukur (David) takur chicken 2.2) Sukur (Thomas) takur chicken

3Proto-Hurza *ⁿdzɨkʷɨr chicken poulet 3.1) Mbuko (Gravina) nzəkar chicken poulet 3.2) Vame (Kinnaird) nzùgùràk chicken poulet

4Proto-Mandara *gʷɨtsɨkɨ chicken poulet 4.1) Matal (Branger) gʷatsak chicken poulet 4.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) utsəka,-ə poule

5Proto-Mofu *wɨtsɨkar ʸ, maⁿdzɨkʷɨr ʸ chicken poulet 5.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) wùtskár chicken poulet 5.2) Moloko (Friesen) aⁿdʒakar chicken, hen poule 5.3) Zulgo (Haller) meⁿdzíkʷir poule f., poulet m. 5.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) meⁿdzekʷer hen poule 5.5) Merey (Gravina) maⁿdzekʷer chicken poulet 5.6) Dugwor (Jubumna) wutʃəker chicken poulet

6Proto-Maroua *tsɨkʷar chicken poulet 6.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) kətʃikar chicken poulet 6.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) mutʃukor poulet

7Proto-Lamang *ɣatakʷala chicken poulet 7.1) Lamang (Wolff) ɣatakʷala chicken

8Proto-Kotoko South *tsakar chicken poulet 8.1) Zina (Odden) tʃákárá chicken poulet 8.2) Mazera (Allison) tʃakar hen poule 8.2.1) Mazera (Allison) tʃɨkre chicken poulet

9Proto-Musgum *mɨskɨr chicken poulet 9.1) Muskum (Tourneux) mɨskɨr poulet
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