Search results for "viɗ"

viɗ nf. night nuit (17 groups, 45 languages) B
This root is attested in all groups except for Kotoko Island. *v is realised as *f in Proto-Kotoko North as a regular reflex, and in Proto-Gidar where *b is expected. *f is also expected in Proto-Musgum, but *v is present. *ɗ is unusually stable. In Mbuko and Zina we find /n/ where we would expect a reflex of *ɗ. Many languages have an initial consonant on the root, which can be /l/, /h/, /s/, /t/, /r/ or /d/. Often an initial consonant is appended when an original consonant was lost. This may have been *hʷ, with the labialisation accounting for the forms in Proto-Daba, Proto-Hurza, Proto-Margi and Proto-Maroua. However, each language has a particular consonant that is used to compensate for lost material, and the consonants found here don't match the compensatory consonants. Until a good explanation is available, we will assume that the original root had no initial consonant.

1Proto-Bata *vɨɗɨ night nuit 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) və̀ɗá -ə night 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) vəɗən La nuit 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) vɨɗə nuit

2Proto-Daba *vɨɗɨʔ ʷ night nuit 2.1) Daba (Lienhard) vùɗūʼ la nuit

3Proto-Mafa *vaɗ, lɨvaŋ night nuit 3.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) vaɗ night nuit 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) vaɗ night nuit 3.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) ləvaŋ night nuit

4Proto-Tera *viɗki night nuit 4.1) Tera (Newman) viɗki night 4.2) Nyimatli (Harley) virkiri night 4.3) Hwana (Harley) fɨ̀ɗìgɹ̝á night

5Proto-Sukur *vɨɗ night nuit 5.1) Sukur (David) vəɗ night 5.2) Sukur (David) vaj night 5.3) Sukur (Thomas) vəɗ night; the time between one day and next when it is dark, when people usually sleep.

6Proto-Hurza *luvaɗ night nuit 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) luvon night, dark nuit 6.2) Vame (Kinnaird) lùváɗ night nuit

7Proto-Margi *vʷɨɗi night nuit 7.1) Margi (Hoffman) viʼi night 7.2) Margi South (Harley) vʷiʼi night 7.3) Kilba (Schuh) vuʼi night 7.4) Bura (Blench) viri Night 7.4.1) Bura (Blench) vir Day (24 hours)

8Proto-Mandara *vɨɗi night nuit 8.1) Matal (Branger) vəɗ night nuit 8.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) və́ɗa,-ə nuit 8.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) vajíá nuit (f) 8.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) àvᵊɗa night 8.4.1) Glavda (Owens) ávd night 8.4.2) Glavda (Owens) avəď, k-avəď-áana night, this night 8.5) Dghwede (Frick) vɨtʼe night 8.5.1) Dghwede (Frick) vitʼe night

9Proto-Mofu *hɨvɨɗ night nuit 9.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) lāvàɗ night nuit 9.2) Muyang (Smith) vɑɗ the period of a day la journée, y compris la nuit ; la nuit 9.3) Zulgo (Haller) hə̀və̀ɗ nuit f. 9.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) həvaɗ night nuit 9.5) Mofu North (Barreteau) sévàd la nuit 9.6) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) taváɗ nuit

10Proto-Maroua *avɨɗ ʷ night nuit 10.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) avuɗ nuit 10.1.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) āvūt night nuit

11Proto-Lamang *rɨviɗi night nuit 11.1) Lamang (Wolff) rvìɗì night 11.1.1) Lamang (Wolff) rvíɗí night 11.2) Hdi (Bramlett) rəviɗik night la nuit

12Proto-Higi *viɗ night nuit 12.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) vərə night 12.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) vəɹə night 12.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) viɗi night 12.3) Kirya (Blench) və̀lè night 12.4) Psikye (Angelo) víɗi night

13Proto-Kotoko North *faɗe night nuit 13.1) Afade (Allison) faɗe night nuit 13.2) Mpade (Allison) fàɗè night nuit 13.3) Malgbe (Allison) faɗe night nuit

14Proto-Kotoko Centre *nvaɗe night nuit 14.1) Lagwan (Allison) nvaɗe; mvaɗe night nuit 14.2) Mser (Allison) nvaɗe night nuit

15Proto-Kotoko South *lɨvin night nuit 15.1) Zina (Odden) lə̀vìn night nuit

16Proto-Musgum *dɨvɨɗ ʸ night nuit 16.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) divik nuit 16.2) Vulum (Tourneux) dɨvɨk nuit 16.3) Mbara (Tourneux) diviʼdaj night 16.4) Muskum (Tourneux) arvɨl nuit

17Proto-Gidar *ɗɨfɗɨ night nuit 17.1) Gidar (Hungerford) dəfɗa nuit 17.2) Gidar (Schuh) dəfɗa/0 nuit
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vɨdɨj nm. monkey singe (5 groups, 16 languages) C
There are three species of monkey indigenous to the Central Chadic region, the patas, the vervet and the baboon. This term was probably generic. The changes *v→f in Proto-Kotoko North and *v→b in Gidar are both regular. The quality of the medial consonant is unclear. There was a general regular change *r→l in the North sub-branch (which encompasses all groups represented here except for Tera) and also a medial change *d→r. The data is most consistent with *d as the medial consonant, even though *d is only present in one language. There are possible cognates of the form [vɨdze] in the Lamang and Hurza groups.

1Proto-Tera *viɗi monkey singe 1.1) Tera (Newman) viɗi monkey (general term and esp. red patas) 1.2) Nyimatli (Harley) viti monkey

2Proto-Mandara *vɨri monkey singe 2.1) Matal (Branger) vədaj monkey singe 2.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) véré singe (m) 2.3) Malgwa (Löhr) vəre monkey gen., ape 2.4) Glavda (Owens) bíri monkey

3Proto-Mofu *vɨrɨj monkey singe 3.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) və̀ràj singe 3.2) Muyang (Smith) viri Patas monkey singe rouge 3.3) Zulgo (Haller) bìrè cynocéphale m. 3.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) bəre monkey singe 3.5) Merey (Gravina) bəre monkey singe 3.6) Dugwor (Jubumna) bəre monkey singe

4Proto-Kotoko North *fɨli monkey singe 4.1) Afade (Allison) fɨli monkey singe 4.2) Mpade (Allison) flì monkey singe 4.3) Malgbe (Allison) fli monkey singe

5Proto-Gidar *bɨrɨja monkey singe 5.1) Gidar (Schuh) bərja/a singe 5.2) Gidar (Hungerford) brija singe 5.3) Gidar (Hungerford) brija babouin
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