viɗ nf. night nuit (17 groups, 45 languages) B
This root is attested in all groups except for Kotoko Island. *v is realised as *f in Proto-Kotoko North as a regular reflex, and in Proto-Gidar where *b is expected. *f is also expected in Proto-Musgum, but *v is present. *ɗ is unusually stable. In Mbuko and Zina we find /n/ where we would expect a reflex of *ɗ. Many languages have an initial consonant on the root, which can be /l/, /h/, /s/, /t/, /r/ or /d/. Often an initial consonant is appended when an original consonant was lost. This may have been *hʷ, with the labialisation accounting for the forms in Proto-Daba, Proto-Hurza, Proto-Margi and Proto-Maroua. However, each language has a particular consonant that is used to compensate for lost material, and the consonants found here don't match the compensatory consonants. Until a good explanation is available, we will assume that the original root had no initial consonant.
1Proto-Bata *vɨɗɨ night nuit 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) və̀ɗá -ə night 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) vəɗən La nuit 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) vɨɗə nuit
2Proto-Daba *vɨɗɨʔ ʷ night nuit 2.1) Daba (Lienhard) vùɗūʼ la nuit
3Proto-Mafa *vaɗ, lɨvaŋ night nuit 3.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) vaɗ night nuit 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) vaɗ night nuit 3.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) ləvaŋ night nuit
4Proto-Tera *viɗki night nuit 4.1) Tera (Newman) viɗki night 4.2) Nyimatli (Harley) virkiri night 4.3) Hwana (Harley) fɨ̀ɗìgɹ̝á night
5Proto-Sukur *vɨɗ night nuit 5.1) Sukur (David) vəɗ night 5.2) Sukur (David) vaj night 5.3) Sukur (Thomas) vəɗ night; the time between one day and next when it is dark, when people usually sleep.
6Proto-Hurza *luvaɗ night nuit 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) luvon night, dark nuit 6.2) Vame (Kinnaird) lùváɗ night nuit
7Proto-Margi *vʷɨɗi night nuit 7.1) Margi (Hoffman) viʼi night 7.2) Margi South (Harley) vʷiʼi night 7.3) Kilba (Schuh) vuʼi night 7.4) Bura (Blench) viri Night 7.4.1) Bura (Blench) vir Day (24 hours)
8Proto-Mandara *vɨɗi night nuit 8.1) Matal (Branger) vəɗ night nuit 8.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) və́ɗa,-ə nuit 8.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) vajíá nuit (f) 8.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) àvᵊɗa night 8.4.1) Glavda (Owens) ávd night 8.4.2) Glavda (Owens) avəď, k-avəď-áana night, this night 8.5) Dghwede (Frick) vɨtʼe night 8.5.1) Dghwede (Frick) vitʼe night
9Proto-Mofu *hɨvɨɗ night nuit 9.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) lāvàɗ night nuit 9.2) Muyang (Smith) vɑɗ the period of a day la journée, y compris la nuit ; la nuit 9.3) Zulgo (Haller) hə̀və̀ɗ nuit f. 9.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) həvaɗ night nuit 9.5) Mofu North (Barreteau) sévàd la nuit 9.6) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) taváɗ nuit
10Proto-Maroua *avɨɗ ʷ night nuit 10.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) avuɗ nuit 10.1.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) āvūt night nuit
11Proto-Lamang *rɨviɗi night nuit 11.1) Lamang (Wolff) rvìɗì night 11.1.1) Lamang (Wolff) rvíɗí night 11.2) Hdi (Bramlett) rəviɗik night la nuit
12Proto-Higi *viɗ night nuit 12.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) vərə night 12.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) vəɹə night 12.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) viɗi night 12.3) Kirya (Blench) və̀lè night 12.4) Psikye (Angelo) víɗi night
13Proto-Kotoko North *faɗe night nuit 13.1) Afade (Allison) faɗe night nuit 13.2) Mpade (Allison) fàɗè night nuit 13.3) Malgbe (Allison) faɗe night nuit
14Proto-Kotoko Centre *nvaɗe night nuit 14.1) Lagwan (Allison) nvaɗe; mvaɗe night nuit 14.2) Mser (Allison) nvaɗe night nuit
15Proto-Kotoko South *lɨvin night nuit 15.1) Zina (Odden) lə̀vìn night nuit
16Proto-Musgum *dɨvɨɗ ʸ night nuit 16.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) divik nuit 16.2) Vulum (Tourneux) dɨvɨk nuit 16.3) Mbara (Tourneux) diviʼdaj night 16.4) Muskum (Tourneux) arvɨl nuit
17Proto-Gidar *ɗɨfɗɨ night nuit 17.1) Gidar (Hungerford) dəfɗa nuit 17.2) Gidar (Schuh) dəfɗa/0 nuit
This root is attested in all groups except for Kotoko Island. *v is realised as *f in Proto-Kotoko North as a regular reflex, and in Proto-Gidar where *b is expected. *f is also expected in Proto-Musgum, but *v is present. *ɗ is unusually stable. In Mbuko and Zina we find /n/ where we would expect a reflex of *ɗ. Many languages have an initial consonant on the root, which can be /l/, /h/, /s/, /t/, /r/ or /d/. Often an initial consonant is appended when an original consonant was lost. This may have been *hʷ, with the labialisation accounting for the forms in Proto-Daba, Proto-Hurza, Proto-Margi and Proto-Maroua. However, each language has a particular consonant that is used to compensate for lost material, and the consonants found here don't match the compensatory consonants. Until a good explanation is available, we will assume that the original root had no initial consonant.
1Proto-Bata *vɨɗɨ night nuit 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) və̀ɗá -ə night 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) vəɗən La nuit 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) vɨɗə nuit
2Proto-Daba *vɨɗɨʔ ʷ night nuit 2.1) Daba (Lienhard) vùɗūʼ la nuit
3Proto-Mafa *vaɗ, lɨvaŋ night nuit 3.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) vaɗ night nuit 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) vaɗ night nuit 3.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) ləvaŋ night nuit
4Proto-Tera *viɗki night nuit 4.1) Tera (Newman) viɗki night 4.2) Nyimatli (Harley) virkiri night 4.3) Hwana (Harley) fɨ̀ɗìgɹ̝á night
5Proto-Sukur *vɨɗ night nuit 5.1) Sukur (David) vəɗ night 5.2) Sukur (David) vaj night 5.3) Sukur (Thomas) vəɗ night; the time between one day and next when it is dark, when people usually sleep.
6Proto-Hurza *luvaɗ night nuit 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) luvon night, dark nuit 6.2) Vame (Kinnaird) lùváɗ night nuit
7Proto-Margi *vʷɨɗi night nuit 7.1) Margi (Hoffman) viʼi night 7.2) Margi South (Harley) vʷiʼi night 7.3) Kilba (Schuh) vuʼi night 7.4) Bura (Blench) viri Night 7.4.1) Bura (Blench) vir Day (24 hours)
8Proto-Mandara *vɨɗi night nuit 8.1) Matal (Branger) vəɗ night nuit 8.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) və́ɗa,-ə nuit 8.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) vajíá nuit (f) 8.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) àvᵊɗa night 8.4.1) Glavda (Owens) ávd night 8.4.2) Glavda (Owens) avəď, k-avəď-áana night, this night 8.5) Dghwede (Frick) vɨtʼe night 8.5.1) Dghwede (Frick) vitʼe night
9Proto-Mofu *hɨvɨɗ night nuit 9.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) lāvàɗ night nuit 9.2) Muyang (Smith) vɑɗ the period of a day la journée, y compris la nuit ; la nuit 9.3) Zulgo (Haller) hə̀və̀ɗ nuit f. 9.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) həvaɗ night nuit 9.5) Mofu North (Barreteau) sévàd la nuit 9.6) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) taváɗ nuit
10Proto-Maroua *avɨɗ ʷ night nuit 10.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) avuɗ nuit 10.1.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) āvūt night nuit
11Proto-Lamang *rɨviɗi night nuit 11.1) Lamang (Wolff) rvìɗì night 11.1.1) Lamang (Wolff) rvíɗí night 11.2) Hdi (Bramlett) rəviɗik night la nuit
12Proto-Higi *viɗ night nuit 12.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) vərə night 12.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) vəɹə night 12.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) viɗi night 12.3) Kirya (Blench) və̀lè night 12.4) Psikye (Angelo) víɗi night
13Proto-Kotoko North *faɗe night nuit 13.1) Afade (Allison) faɗe night nuit 13.2) Mpade (Allison) fàɗè night nuit 13.3) Malgbe (Allison) faɗe night nuit
14Proto-Kotoko Centre *nvaɗe night nuit 14.1) Lagwan (Allison) nvaɗe; mvaɗe night nuit 14.2) Mser (Allison) nvaɗe night nuit
15Proto-Kotoko South *lɨvin night nuit 15.1) Zina (Odden) lə̀vìn night nuit
16Proto-Musgum *dɨvɨɗ ʸ night nuit 16.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) divik nuit 16.2) Vulum (Tourneux) dɨvɨk nuit 16.3) Mbara (Tourneux) diviʼdaj night 16.4) Muskum (Tourneux) arvɨl nuit
17Proto-Gidar *ɗɨfɗɨ night nuit 17.1) Gidar (Hungerford) dəfɗa nuit 17.2) Gidar (Schuh) dəfɗa/0 nuit