Search results for "vɨn"

dzavɨn nf. guinea fowl pintade (17 groups, 49 languages) B
Although this is one of the most widely attested roots in Central Chadic, the reconstruction presents some difficulties. The initial *dz is only retained in two groups. It is realised as *ts in five groups and as *z in ten groups. Only in the Gidar and Kotoko Centre groups is this change regular. *dz is preferred for the reconstruction as being the most likely to produce the other two realisations. The *v is realised as *f in Kotoko North (a regular change), as *b in the Sukur and Mandara groups (an unestablished change), and as *p in the Mafa group (also an unestablished change). The *n is realised as *r in the Margi, Mandara and Mofu groups, which is a regular change. The labialisation in the Bata and Maroua groups is a sporadic innovation, as is the palatalisation in the Tera, Mandara and Musgum groups.

1Proto-Bata *zavʷɨn guineafowl pintade 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) zòovə̀ná guinea fowl 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) zavʷənən Pintade 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) zavunə pintade 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) zavənkən la pintade

2Proto-Daba *zavɨn guineafowl pintade 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) zɑvɑn guinea fowl pintade 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) zɑvən guinea fowl pintade 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) zavaŋ guinea fowl pintade 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) zàvə́n la pintade

3Proto-Mafa *zapan guineafowl pintade 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) zápán pintade 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) zapaŋ guinea fowl pintade

4Proto-Tera *tsivan guineafowl pintade 4.1) Tera (Newman) tʃivan guinea-fowl pintade 4.2) Nyimatli (Harley) ʃivan guinea fowl pintade

5Proto-Sukur *zabɨn guinea fowl pintade 5.1) Sukur (David) zabən guineafowl pintade 5.2) Sukur (Thomas) zabən guineafowl; is the general term for guinea fowl; it has dark grey feathers with white spots. There are two types of guineafowls: demostic and bush guineafowls.

6Proto-Hurza *zavɨn guineafowl pintade 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) nzavan guinea fowl pintade 6.2) Vame (Kinnaird) sàvnàk partridge pintade

7Proto-Margi *tsɨvɨr guineafowl pintade 7.1) Margi (Hoffman) tsəvər guinea-fowl pintade 7.2) Kilba (Schuh) tsəvər guinea fowl pintade 7.3) Bura (Blench) tsə̀və́ra Guinea fowl

8Proto-Mandara *zabɨra ʸ guineafowl pintade 8.1) Matal (Branger) zavər guineafowl pintade 8.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) zaᵐbəra,-a pintade 8.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) ʒábèrá pintade (f) 8.4) Malgwa (Löhr) ʒebre guinea fowl pintade 8.5) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ʒàbɾa guinea fowl pintade 8.5.1) Glavda (Owens) žeeb guinea fowl pintade 8.5.2) Glavda (Owens) zabə guinea fowl pintade

9Proto-Mofu *dzavɨr guineafowl pintade 9.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) zàvàr guinea fowl pintade 9.2) Muyang (Smith) dʒɑvɑr guinea fowl pintade 9.3) Mada (Nkoumou) zàvàr pintade 9.4) Moloko (Friesen) dʒavar guinea fowl pintade 9.5) Zulgo (Haller) ⁿdzávə́r pintade f. 9.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) ⁿdzavar guinea fowl pintade 9.7) Merey (Gravina) ⁿdzavar guinea fowl pintade 9.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) ⁿdʒavar guinea fowl pintade 9.9) Mofu North (Barreteau) ⁿdzàvár pintade 9.9.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) ⁿdzávár pintade 9.10) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) tsavár pintade (Mokong) 9.10.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) tsavár pintade (Mokong) 9.10.2) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ⁿdʒavár pintade commune (Gudur)

10Proto-Maroua *tsɨvɨn ʷ guineafowl pintade 10.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) tʃuvuŋ pintade 10.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) tʃuvon guinea fowl pintade 10.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) tʃufuŋ pintade

11Proto-Lamang *zɨvɨn guineafowl pintade 11.1) Hdi (Bramlett) zəvnək guinea hen la pintade

12Proto-Higi *zivɨn guineafowl pintade 12.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) zəvənə guinea fowl pintade 12.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) zivəno guinea fowl pintade 12.3) Bana (Lienhard) zə̀və́nì pintade

13Proto-Kotoko North *tsafan guineafowl pintade 13.1) Afade (Allison) tsɨfan; gɨdɨgo guinea fowl pintade 13.2) Mpade (Allison) safan guinea fowl pintade 13.3) Malgbe (Allison) safan guinea fowl pintade 13.4) Maltam (Allison) safan guinea fowl pintade

14Proto-Kotoko Centre *zavan guineafowl pintade 14.1) Lagwan (Allison) zavan guinea fowl pintade 14.2) Mser (Allison) savan guinea fowl pintade

15Proto-Kotoko South *dzavaŋ guineafowl pintade 15.1) Mazera (Allison) dʒavaŋ guinea fowl pintade

16Proto-Musgum *tsaavan ʸ guineafowl pintade 16.1) Mbara (Tourneux) tʃeeveŋ helmet guinea-fowl pintade

17Proto-Gidar *zamvɨna guinea fowl pintade 17.1) Gidar (Hungerford) zamvəna pintade 17.2) Gidar (Schuh) samvəna/a pintade 17.3) Gidar (Hungerford) zafʼna pintade
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ɣaj nm. compound concession (12 groups, 28 languages) A rel. to: vɨn ʸ.
The basic meaning of this root is the entire compound, whilst *vɨn ʸ denotes a single building. The initial *ɣ also has the reflexes /g/ and /h/. The reflex /h/ is regular in Mandara, Malgwa, Muyang, Moloko and Proto-Kotoko North. The reflex /g/ is regular in the Meri sub-group of the Mofu group. In the Mofu subgroup the *ɣ is regularly lost. The *j is reanalysed as the palatalisation prosody in Proto-Daba, and is vocalised in Sukur, which are common sporadic processes. It combines with *a in Proto-Kotoko South, which is an unestablished change.

1Proto-Bata *hajɨ hut case 1.1) Sharwa (Gravina) hajə Maison

2Proto-Daba *ga ʸ hut case 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ge house maison 2.2) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ɡe house maison

3Proto-Mafa *gaj hut case 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) gáj case, consession

4Proto-Sukur *ɣi hut case 4.1) Sukur (David) ɣí house 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) ɣəi home; the house that you live in, especially with your family.

5Proto-Hurza *aga hut case 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) àga at_house_of chez

6Proto-Mandara *ɣaj hut case 6.1) Matal (Branger) gàj hut case 6.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) kaja,-ə 1 concession, case, maison 6.2.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) kaja,-ə 2 conteneur 6.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) concession (f), maison (f) 6.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) xàːwa entrance hut

7Proto-Mofu *ɣaj hut case 7.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ɣàj house maison 7.2) Muyang (Smith) ɑhɑj maison, concession ; toute construction 7.2.1) Muyang (Smith) ɑhɑj class classe 7.3) Moloko (Friesen) háj house, compound maison; concession 7.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) ga house maison 7.5) Merey (Gravina) gaj hut case, maison 7.5.1) Merey (Gravina) maison 7.6) Dugwor (Jubumna) gaj house maison 7.6.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) gaj hut case 7.7) Mofu North (Barreteau) ʔáj maison (ensemble de case) 7.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) waj home maison, concession

8Proto-Maroua *gaj hut case 8.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) gái house maison

9Proto-Higi *ɣaj hut case 9.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ɣʷo house 9.2) Kirya (Blench) ɣàj house 9.3) Psikye (Angelo) ge house 9.4) Bana (Lienhard) ɣjì maison

10Proto-Kotoko North *ho hut case 10.1) Afade (Allison) ho house maison 10.2) Mpade (Allison) ho house maison 10.3) Malgbe (Allison) ha house maison

11Proto-Kotoko Centre *ɣaa hut case 11.1) Lagwan (Allison) ɣaa house maison

12Proto-Kotoko South *ɣe hut case 12.1) Mazera (Allison) ɣe hut case 12.1.1) Mazera (Allison) ɣe house maison
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ɣʷɨvɨn ʸ nm. charcoal charbon de bois (14 groups, 30 languages) B
This root is well attested across the Cental Chadic languages. The final *n has the reflex *r in the Mandara and Mofu groups, as part of a regular change. However this change should have affected the Margi group, but has not. The change *n to *ŋ in several other groups is also regular, as is the change *v to *f in Proto-Kotoko North. The initial *ɣʷ has the unestablished reflexes *hʷ in Proto-Hurza and *ᵑgʷ in Proto-Daba. There is also a glottal reflex, probably from the unestablished sequence *ɣ→*g→*ʔ. In Moloko this is realised as /ɗ/. In Proto-Kotoko North the glottal has then fused with the *f to create the ejective *fʼ, which is a common sporadic process. In some groups the fricative component of *ɣʷ has been lost, leaving the labialisation component. This has the reflex *w in Mser, and is reanalysed as the labialisation prosody in Proto-Daba and Proto-Maroua, another common sporadic process. The labialisation has attached to another consonant in Proto-Margi. There is evidence for the palatalisation prosody from Proto-Bata, Proto-Margi, Proto-Mofu, Proto-Lamang, Proto-Higi and Proto-Musgum. In some cases the prosody has been vocalised.

1Proto-Bata *ivɨnɨ ʸ charcoal charbon 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ìvə̀njínə charcoal. 1.2) Sharwa (Gravina) avihi charbon

2Proto-Daba *ᵑgʷɨvan ʷ charcoal charbon 2.1) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ŋɡuvoŋ charcoal charbon de bois 2.2) Daba (Lienhard) ᵑgə̀vānʼ le charbon de bois

3Proto-Mafa *vaŋ charcoal charbon 3.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) vaŋ charbon

4Proto-Sukur *vin charcoal charbon de bois 4.1) Sukur (David) vin charcoal charbon

5Proto-Hurza *hʷɨvan charcoal charbon 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) uvon charcoal charbon 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) hùvàn coal charbon

6Proto-Margi *vʷɨni charcoal charbon 6.1) Bura (Blench) vina Charcoal charbon 6.2) Margi (Hoffman) vunji charcoal charbon 6.3) Margi South (Harley) uvʷiᵑgi charcoal 6.3.1) Margi South (Harley) uvʷunji charcoal

7Proto-Mandara *ɣʷɨvɨrɨ charcoal charbon 7.1) Matal (Branger) aval charcoal charbon 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) uvara,-ə charbon 7.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ʁùvɾa charcoal charbon

8Proto-Mofu *ɣʷavar ʸ charcoal charbon 8.1) Moloko (Friesen) ɗever carbon charbon 8.2) Zulgo (Haller) aver charbon (m.) de bois 8.2.1) Zulgo (Haller) avér charbon (m.) de bois 8.3) Gemzek (Sabatai) aver charcoal charbon de bois 8.4) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ávaŋʷ charbon de bois

9Proto-Maroua *avɨn ʷ charcoal charbon 9.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) vù Mj, Mt), avoŋ, avu (Mv) (j) charbons éteints

10Proto-Lamang *ɣʷɨvani charcoal charbon 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) ɣuvini charcoal 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) vwani charcoal le charbon de bois

11Proto-Higi *vɨʔʲɨn charcoal charbon 11.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) vjə charcoal charbon 11.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) vəno charcoal charbon 11.3) Bana (Lienhard) və̀ʼì charbon

12Proto-Kotoko North *fʼanfʼan charcoal charbon 12.1) Afade (Allison) fʼanfaʔn charcoal charbon de bois 12.2) Mpade (Allison) fònfòn charcoal charbon de bois 12.3) Malgbe (Allison) fanfan charcoal charbon de bois

13Proto-Kotoko Centre *wɨvan charcoal charbon 13.1) Mser (Allison) uvan charcoal charbon de bois

14Proto-Musgum *avaŋ ʸ charcoal charbon 14.1) Vulum (Tourneux) aveŋ charbon de bois 14.1.1) Vulum (Tourneux) aŋveŋ charbon de bois 14.2) Muskum (Tourneux) vet charbon de bois
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vɨn nm. rain pluie (9 groups, 25 languages) B
This root is widespread within Central Chadic, and is found elsewhere in Chadic. Surprisingly many languages do not have a term for 'rain' and use the term for 'water' instead. There was a regular change *v→b in Gidar. The change *v→p in Proto-Margi is not established. There was a regular change *n→r word-finally in the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group. There is evidence of labialisation in Proto-Bata, Giziga Marva and Gidar, which may imply that there was *w in the original root, or possible a lost initial
*hʷ, though there is insufficient evidence to include this in the reconstruction.

1Proto-Bata *vʷinɨ rain pluie 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) və̀ná -ə rain pluie 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) vuunən Pluie 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) vʷənə pluie 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) vʷene la pluie

2Proto-Daba *van rain pluie 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) vɑn rain pluie 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) mɑnɑvɑn rain pluie 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) vaŋ rain pluie 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) vàn la pluie

3Proto-Hurza *avan ʸ rain pluie 3.1) Mbuko (Gravina) iven rain pluie 3.2) Vame (Kinnaird) àvèŋ 1 rain pluie

4Proto-Margi *par rain pluie 4.1) Margi (Hoffman) paɗə rain pluie 4.2) Kilba (Schuh) par rain pluie

5Proto-Mofu *avɨr rain pluie 5.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) āvə̀r rain pluie 5.2) Muyang (Smith) ɑvər rain pluie 5.3) Moloko (Friesen) vár rain pluie 5.4) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) vár rain pluie, nuage

6Proto-Maroua *van ʷ rain pluie 6.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) von rain pluie

7Proto-Higi *van rain pluie 7.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) va 1.year.2.rain 7.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) va rain pluie 7.3) Kirya (Blench) vàn rain pluie 7.4) Psikye (Angelo) rain pluie 7.5) Bana (Lienhard) vàn pluie

8Proto-Musgum *faŋ rain pluie 8.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) faŋ pluie 8.2) Vulum (Tourneux) faŋ pluie

9Proto-Gidar *buna rain pluie 9.1) Gidar (Hungerford) buna pluie
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vɨn ʸ nf. hut case (14 groups, 29 languages) B rel. to: ɣaj.
This root refers to an individual building for living in, rather than the compound as a whole. There was a regular change *v→b in Gidar and in the Meri subgroup of the Mofu group. *b is also found in Proto-Daba and in the Mandara subgroup of the Mandara group, but here the change is irregular. The change *v→f in Proto-Kotoko North and Proto-Musgum is also regular. There was a regular word-final change *n→r in the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group. The evidence for the palatalisation prosody is limited, but favours including the prosody in the reconstruction.

1Proto-Bata *vɨni hut case 1.1) Bata (Boyd) vɨ̀ne room 1.2) Sharwa (Gravina) vɨra maison

2Proto-Daba *bɨŋ hut case 2.1) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) bəŋ hut case 2.1.1) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) bəŋ room pièce (de maison)

3Proto-Mafa *van ʸ hut case 3.1) Cuvok (Gravina) veŋ room pièce (de maison) 3.1.1) Cuvok (Gravina) veŋ hut case 3.1.2) Cuvok (Gravina) veŋ bedroom chambre (à dormir)

4Proto-Sukur *va hut case 4.1) Sukur (Thomas) va home; the house that you live, especially with your family.

5Proto-Margi *vi hut case 5.1) Kilba (Schuh) vi hut

6Proto-Mandara *bɨrɨ, vɨj hut case 6.1) Mandara (Fluckiger) bere maison, chambre (f) 6.2) Malgwa (Löhr) bəre room, hut 6.3) Glavda (Owens) house, area, quarter of a town (cf. Å‚al) 6.3.1) Glavda (Owens) v house

7Proto-Mofu *vɨr ʸ hut case 7.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) və̀r woman's bedroom chambre d'une femme 7.2) Moloko (Friesen) ver bedroom chambre 7.3) Zulgo (Haller) bir chambre (f.) du fils 7.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) bir chambre 7.4.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) bəra house chez 7.5) Merey (Gravina) ber hut case, chambre à coucher, pièce

8Proto-Maroua *vɨn ʸ hut case 8.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) veŋ room pièce (de maison) 8.1.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) veŋ hut case 8.1.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) veŋ house maison 8.1.3) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) veŋ bedroom chambre (à dormir) 8.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) viŋ maison

9Proto-Lamang *ivɨŋ hut case 9.1) Lamang (Wolff) ívə̀ŋ hut 9.1.1) Lamang (Wolff) ívə̀ŋì hut 9.2) Hdi (Bramlett) viŋ boy's room la chambre du garcãon

10Proto-Higi *vi hut case 10.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) vjì sleeping room. 10.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) vi bedroom

11Proto-Kotoko North *fɨn hut case 11.1) Afade (Allison) fɨn hut case 11.2) Mpade (Allison) fɨ̀n hut case 11.3) Malgbe (Allison) fɨn hut case

12Proto-Kotoko Centre *vɨni hut case 12.1) Lagwan (Allison) vɨni; guamahɨ hut case 12.1.1) Lagwan (Allison) vɨni e mɨsane bedroom chambre (à dormir) 12.2) Mser (Allison) vrio hut case 12.2.1) Mser (Allison) vɨr a havɨn bedroom chambre (à dormir)

13Proto-Musgum *funɨj hut case 13.1) Vulum (Tourneux) funii maison 13.2) Mulwi (Tourneux) funii maison 13.2.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) funii petite poterie à sauce 13.3) Mbara (Tourneux) fiŋaj house maison

14Proto-Gidar *biina hut case 14.1) Gidar (Hungerford) biina case, maison
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vɨnah v. to vomit vomir (13 groups, 32 languages) A
There was a regular change *v→f in Proto-Musgum. There was also a regular change *n→r word-medially in Proto-Mandara. The final *h has been lost in several groups, which is a common sporadic process.

1Proto-Bata *vɨna vomit vomir 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) vaana vomit 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) vənan 1 - Vomir ;; 2 - Vomissement

2Proto-Daba *vɨna vomit vomir 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) vənɑ vomit (v) vomir 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) vənɑ vomit (v) vomir 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) vən vomit (v) vomir 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) və̀nà vomir ; déteindre

3Proto-Mafa *vɨnaha ʸ vomit vomir 3.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) n vənehe vomir 3.1.1) Mafa (Barreteau) vínéh- vomir 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) vənaha vomit (v) vomir

4Proto-Tera *vɨnah vomit vomir 4.1) Nyimatli (Harley) vu̱nakh vomit (v)

5Proto-Sukur *vinah vomit vomir 5.1) Sukur (Thomas) vinah vomit; to bring food from the stomach back out through the mouth.

6Proto-Hurza *vɨnah ʸ vomit vomir 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) vəne vomit vomir 6.2) Vame (Kinnaird) və̀nàhà vomit vomir

7Proto-Mandara *vɨraha vomit vomir 7.1) Matal (Branger) màvlàhàj vomit vomir 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) və́raha 1 vomir 7.2.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) və́raha 2 se fondre (teinte) 7.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) vrɛː̄gɛ vomit (v) 7.4) Dghwede (Frick) vraxa vomit

8Proto-Mofu *vɨnaha vomit vomir 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) və̀nàhàj vomit vomir 8.2) Mada (Nkoumou) mavnaha vomir 8.3) Moloko (Friesen) vənah vomit vomir 8.4) Zulgo (Haller) və̀nahá vomir 8.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) mevənehe vomir 8.6) Merey (Gravina) vənaha vomit (v) vomir 8.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) məvənehej vomit (v) vomir 8.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) mévə̀nhèj vomir

9Proto-Lamang *vɨnah vomit vomir 9.1) Lamang (Wolff) vanaahʷa vomit 9.2) Hdi (Bramlett) vənihaj to vomit vomir 9.2.1) Hdi (Bramlett) vənihi vomit le vomissement

10Proto-Higi *vɨnɨhʷɨ vomit vomir 10.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) vineɣo to vomit; puke 10.2) Kirya (Blench) və̀nə̀hú to vomit 10.3) Bana (Lienhard) və̀nə̀xʷə̀ vomir, spitting image of

11Proto-Kotoko Centre *vɨnahɨ vomit vomir 11.1) Lagwan (Allison) vɨnahɨwun (vɨnahɨ) vomit (v) vomir

12Proto-Kotoko South *vɨnaha vomit vomir 12.1) Zina (Odden) və̀nàhà vomit (v) vomir

13Proto-Musgum *fɨna ʸ vomit vomir 13.1) Mbara (Tourneux) fine vomit vomir
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wɨvɨn n. grinding stone meule (14 groups, 30 languages) B
This root denotes the large stone with a flat top upon which food ingredients are ground. The changes *v→f in Musgum and *v→b in Gidar and the Meri subgroup of the Mofu group are regular, but the other instances of *b are not. There was a regular word-final change *n→r in the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group. There is evidence for *w in the Margi, Mandara, Maroua, Lamang, Kotoko South and Musgum groups, in the form either of the vowel /u/ or the labialisation prosody.

1Proto-Daba *ŋvɨn grinding stone meule 1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ŋvɑn grinding stone pierre moudre 1.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑ̄n ŋ̀vɑ̄n upper grinding stone meule supérieure 1.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ŋvən tɑsɑɗ grinding stone pierre à moudre

2Proto-Tera *vɨna grinding stone meule 2.1) Nyimatli (Harley) vu̱na grinding stone 2.1.1) Nyimatli (Harley) vu̱na upper grinding stone 2.1.2) Nyimatli (Harley) vu̱nar grinding stone

3Proto-Sukur *ban grinding stone meule 3.1) Sukur (David) ban grinding table 3.2) Sukur (Thomas) ban grinding stone; the stone that is used to grind the guineacorn, maize, etc.

4Proto-Hurza *van grinding stone meule 4.1) Mbuko (Gravina) van stone upon which food is ground meule, pierre sur laquelle on écrase 4.2) Vame (Kinnaird) vàn millstone pierre à écraser, meule pour moudre les graines du mil, haricot etc .sous forme de la farine. Il est placé typiquement dans la cuisine

5Proto-Margi *bura grinding stone meule 5.1) Bura (Blench) bur, bura Lower grinding stone 5.2) Kilba (Schuh) bəra/a grinding quern

6Proto-Mandara *uvɨra grinding stone meule 6.1) Matal (Branger) vəl grinding stone meule 6.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) mavára,-ə meule 6.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) uvérá pierre plate qui servait autrefois à écraser le mil (f), pierre à écraser (f) 6.4) Malgwa (Löhr) ugvəra grinding stone, lower part 6.5) Glavda (Owens) váa grinding stone 6.5.1) Glavda (Nghagyiva) vàːɾa lower grinding stone 6.5.2) Glavda (Nghagyiva) vàːɾa grinding stone 6.6) Dghwede (Frick) vəra grinding stone

7Proto-Mofu *var ʸ grinding stone meule 7.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) āvár pierre pour écraser le mil 7.2) Muyang (Smith) ɑvɑr lower grinding stone meule, pierre sur laquelle on écrase la farine 7.3) Moloko (Friesen) ver pierre taillé à écraser dessus 7.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) bor grinding stone pierre à moudre** 7.4.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) ber grinding stone pierre à moudre** 7.5) Merey (Gravina) ber grinding stone pierre à moudre 7.5.1) Merey (Gravina) ber upper grinding stone meule supérieure

8Proto-Maroua *van grinding stone meule 8.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) ᵑgurvoŋ grinding stone pierre à moudre 8.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) vaŋ meule

9Proto-Lamang *buna grinding stone meule 9.1) Lamang (Wolff) bùnà grinding stone 9.2) Hdi (Bramlett) buna mortor stone la meule

10Proto-Higi *vɨna grinding stone meule 10.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) və̀nà Grindingstone-lower. 10.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) vəna millstone; grinding stone 10.3) Kirya (Blench) və̀nà millstone

11Proto-Kotoko Centre *vɨn grinding stone meule 11.1) Lagwan (Allison) vɨn grinding stone pierre à moudre 11.1.1) Lagwan (Allison) vɨn upper grinding stone meule supérieure

12Proto-Kotoko South *vuna grinding stone meule 12.1) Mazera (Allison) vuna grinding stone pierre à moudre

13Proto-Musgum *funaj grinding stone meule 13.1) Mbara (Tourneux) funaj millstone meule

14Proto-Gidar *bwɨn grinding stone meule 14.1) Gidar (Hungerford) buə̀n nawsəra meule, pierre, (à) écraser, moudre
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