Search results for "wɨpaɗ"

hʷɨpɨɗ v. bite mordre (5 groups, 15 languages) B cf: zɨm; syn: dzaj.
The basic sense of this verb is to bite or chew solid food items. Proto-Central Chadic *p was realised as [p] in word-medial position, and this is the form found in all the data. *p has the reflexes *b in Proto-Margi and /ᵐb/ in Mofu-Gudur, which are unestablished changes. The *hʷ is retained in the Mandara group, and has the reflexes /h/ in Proto-Mofu and /x/ in Lamang, which are common sporadic changes.

1Proto-Hurza pɨj eat manger 1.1) Mbuko (Gravina) pa eat manger 1.2) Vame (Kinnaird) píyā eat manger

2Proto-Margi *bɗɨ bite mordre 2.1) Bura (Blench) bda, bdi To chew; to eat (when chewing is necessary) 2.2) Margi (Hoffman) bɗə chew

3Proto-Mandara *hʷɨpaɗa bite mordre 3.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) upaɗá 1 mâcher, manger 3.2) Malgwa (Löhr) ukpaɗa chew with teeth 3.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) xūpáɗᵊga chew

4Proto-Mofu *hɨpɨɗ bite mordre 4.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) paɗ eat meat or something hard croquer ; manger la viande ou qqch de dure 4.2) Muyang (Smith) həpəɗ eat (meat) manger ce qui est dur, mâcher 4.3) Moloko (Friesen) paɗ bite; chew croquer; mordre 4.4) Zulgo (Haller) papəɗ manger (viande et des choses croquantes) 4.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) mehəpəɗe chew mâcher 4.6) Merey (Gravina) həpəɗ chew manger, mâcher, croquer 4.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) məpəɗej ba bite (v) mordre 4.7.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) məpəɗej (golgovaŋ) strike (snake) mordre, piquer (serpent) 4.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) háᵐbəɗ croquer, mâcher ; faire mal (à la tête, aux articulations)

5Proto-Lamang *xpaɗa bite mordre 5.1) Lamang (Wolff) xpaɗa bite, chew
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wɨpaɗ num. four quatre (15 groups, 47 languages) B
This is a widespread root, and has also been reconstructed for Proto-Chadic. Proto-Central Chadic *p had the allophone [p] in medial position, and we would expect this to be reflected by the presence of *p in the group proto-languages. However *p has the reflex *f in all groups except for Gidar and Musgum, which is not expected. One of the features of this root is the widespread occurrence of *u, labialisation or the labialisation prosody. In order to account for this, *w has been reconstructed as the initial consonant. In the consonant prosody groups (Bata, Margi and Higi), *w has usually merged with *f to give *fʷ. In some of the vowel prosody groups (here Daba, Musgum and Gidar), *w has been reanalysed as the labialisation prosody. These are both common sporadic processes.

1Proto-Bata *fʷaɗ four quatre 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ə̀nfʷáɗa four 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) fʷaɗ Quatre 4

2Proto-Daba *wɨfaɗ four quatre 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ŋfɑɗ four (4) quatre (4)s 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ŋfɑɗ four (4) quatre (4)s 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) n̩faɗ four (4) quatre (4)s 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) fōɗ quatre

3Proto-Mafa *faɗ four quatre 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) fáɗ quatre 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) faɗ four (4) quatre (4)s

4Proto-Tera *foɗa four quatre 4.1) Tera (Newman) vat four 4.2) Nyimatli (Harley) vat four (4) 4.3) Gaʼanda (Gwaji) foɗa four

5Proto-Sukur *fwaɗ four quatre 5.1) Sukur (David) fwaɗ four 5.2) Sukur (Thomas) fwaɗ four

6Proto-Hurza *fuɗaw four quatre 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) fuɗo four quatre 6.2) Vame (Kinnaird) fúɗāw four quatre

7Proto-Margi *fʷaɗu four quatre 7.1) Margi (Hoffman) foɗə four 7.2) Margi South (Harley) fʷaɗu four 7.2.1) Margi South (Harley) foɗu four 7.3) Kilba (Schuh) fʷaɗu/ə four 7.4) Bura (Blench) nfʷar Four

8Proto-Mandara *ufaɗɨ four quatre 8.1) Matal (Branger) ufaɗ four quatre 8.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ufaɗa,-ə quatre 8.3) Malgwa (Löhr) ufaɗe four 8.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ùfàɗa four (4) 8.5) Dghwede (Frick) fitʼe four

9Proto-Mofu *wɨfaɗ four quatre 9.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) mə̄fáɗ four quatre 9.2) Muyang (Smith) fɑɗ four quatre 9.3) Moloko (Friesen) wəfaɗ four quatre 9.4) Zulgo (Haller) əfáɗ quatre 9.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) əfaɗ four quatre 9.5.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) faɗ four quatre 9.6) Merey (Gravina) faɗ four (4) quatre (4)s 9.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) məfaɗ four (4) quatre (4)s 9.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) fàɗ quatre 9.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) məfaɗ four quatre ; chiffre pair (dans la divination)

10Proto-Maroua *mufaɗ four quatre 10.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) mufaɗ quatre, radical faë commun à presque tout le groupe Mandara. 10.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) mufaɗ four (4) quatre (4)s 10.3) Mbazla (SILSurvey) mòfót four quatre

11Proto-Lamang *wɨfaɗ four quatre 11.1) Lamang (Wolff) ùfáɗá four 11.2) Hdi (Bramlett) fwaɗ four quatre

12Proto-Higi *wɨfaɗɨ four quatre 12.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) fʷarə four 12.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) fʷàrə́ Four 12.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) fʷaɗo four 12.3) Kirya (Blench) fʷàr four 12.3.1) Kirya (Blench) fʷàdə̀ four 12.4) Psikye (Angelo) wufáɗə́ four 12.4.1) Psikye (Angelo) wufáʼ four 12.5) Bana (Lienhard) fáɗ(ə́) quatre

13Proto-Kotoko South *foɗi four quatre 13.1) Zina (Odden) fóɗí four (4) quatre (4)

14Proto-Musgum *pɨɗɨ ʷ four quatre 14.1) Vulum (Tourneux) puɗu quatre 14.2) Mbara (Tourneux) puʼdu four quatre 14.3) Muskum (Tourneux) fuuɗi quatre

15Proto-Gidar *paɗa ʷ four quatre 15.1) Gidar (Schuh) poɗo quatre 15.2) Gidar (Hungerford) podo quatre, 4
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