Search results for "zaj"

dzaj v. to bite mordre (5 groups, 14 languages) syn: hʷɨpɨɗ.
This root is largely stable, with the only change being the unestablished change *dz to /ts/ in the Daba and Maroua groups. The final *j is realised as the palatalisation prosody in the Mafa, Mandara and Maroua groups, which is a common sporadic process. The Proto-Daba root is prenasalised, which is also a common sporadic process.

1Proto-Daba *ntsa bite mordre 1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ŋtʃɑ bite (v) mordre 1.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ŋtʃɑ gnaw ronger 1.1.2) Buwal (Viljoen) ŋtʃɑ sting piquer 1.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ŋtsɑ bite (v) mordre 1.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) ŋtsɑ sting piquer 1.3) Daba (Lienhard) ᵑgàtʃ mordre, tourmenter, aboyer

2Proto-Mafa *dza ʸ bite mordre 2.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) n dʒe mordre 2.1.1) Mafa (Barreteau) dʒ- mordre

3Proto-Mandara *dza ʸ bite mordre 3.1) Matal (Branger) matsaj bite mordre 3.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ⁿdʒewé 1 mordre 3.3) Malgwa (Löhr) dʒa bite, beat (with stick) 3.4) Dghwede (Frick) ⁿdzaxa bite

4Proto-Mofu *dzaj bite mordre 4.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) mātsāj mordre, piquer plusieurs fois 4.2) Zulgo (Haller) dze(-r) mordre 4.3) Gemzek (Sabatai) dzaj bite (v) mordre 4.3.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) a dzaj mordre 4.3.2) Gemzek (Sabatai) medze strike (snake) mordre, piquer (serpent) 4.4) Mofu North (Barreteau) mézèj mordre 4.4.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) mézèj piquer (serpent) 4.5) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ́z mordre, piquer (serpent)

5Proto-Maroua *tsɨ ʸ bite mordre 5.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) tʃi mordre
Comments (0)

 

ⁿdzah v. to sit, stay s'asseoir, rester (10 groups, 32 languages) B
The basic meaning of this word covers sitting, staying and living (in a place). This is the only root where *ⁿdz is reconstructed. In a few cases *ⁿdz is simplified to *ⁿz. The final *h is only retained in Proto-Mafa and Proto-Hurza , and in Proto-Lamang where it has the irregular reflex *kʷ.

1Proto-Bata *ⁿdza sit asseoir 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ⁿdzaa sit 1.1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ⁿdzaa dwell or live in a place 1.1.2) Gude (Hoskinson) ⁿdzaa be, become 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) ⁿdzan Exister, être, rester en vie ; 1.3) Tsuvan (Johnston) a nzakən rester

2Proto-Daba *ⁿdza sit asseoir 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ⁿdʒɑ sit, stay s'asseoir 2.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ⁿdʒɑ dwell, inhabit habiter 2.1.2) Buwal (Viljoen) ⁿdʒɑ remain, stay rester, demeurer 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ⁿdzɑ sit s'asseoir 2.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) ⁿdzɑ stay rester, demeurer 2.2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ⁿdzɑ dwell, inhabit habiter 2.2.3) Gavar (Viljoen) ⁿdzɑ calm (oneself) se calmer 2.2.4) Gavar (Viljoen) ⁿdzɑ land atterir 2.2.5) Gavar (Viljoen) ⁿdzɑ be être 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) dʒa sit s'asseoir 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) ⁿdʒà être, rester, s'asseoir

3Proto-Mafa *ⁿdzaha sit asseoir 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ⁿdza s'asseoir 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ⁿdʒahaj remain, stay rester, demeurer 3.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) ⁿdʒaha sit s'asseoir 3.2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ⁿdʒaha dwell, inhabit habiter

4Proto-Sukur *ⁿza sit s'asseoir 4.1) Sukur (David) nza sit, to 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) inza sit; to rest your weight on your bottom with your back vertical.

5Proto-Hurza *ⁿdzahaj sit asseoir 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) nzahaj sit s'asseoir 5.1.1) Mbuko (Gravina) nzahaj rester

6Proto-Margi *ⁿzi sit asseoir 6.1) Bura (Blench) nzi To sit, to remain

7Proto-Mandara *ⁿdza sit asseoir 7.1) Matal (Branger) màdzᵊ̄ mādzáj sit s'asseoir 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ⁿdza 1 asseoir 7.2.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) ⁿdza 2 rester 7.2.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ⁿdza 3 habiter 7.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) ⁿdʒá (s')asseoir - v. int. = njánja 7.4) Malgwa (Löhr) ⁿdʒa sit 7.5) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ⁿd͡zɨga dwell, inhabit 7.6) Dghwede (Frick) ⁿdzəgi ⁿdzəge sit

8Proto-Mofu *ⁿdza sit asseoir 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) nzàkáŋ sit; stay in the house rester 8.1.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) nzàkáŋ live rester à la maison 8.1.2) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) nzàkáŋ habiter 8.2) Moloko (Friesen) ⁿdʒé sit s'asseoir 8.2.1) Moloko (Friesen) ⁿdʒé stay rester 8.2.2) Moloko (Friesen) ⁿdʒé live habiter 8.2.3) Moloko (Friesen) ⁿdʒé attain atteindre 8.3) Zulgo (Haller) ⁿdza rester, demeurer, durer, stationner 8.3.1) Zulgo (Haller) ⁿdza être 8.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) ⁿdza sit, (be) seated, dwell, inhabit, remain, stay s'asseoir, (être) assis, habiter, rester, demeurer 8.5) Merey (Gravina) ⁿdzaj rester 8.6) Dugwor (Jubumna) maⁿdʒaj dwell, inhabit habiter 8.7) Mofu North (Barreteau) méⁿdzēj s'assoir 8.7.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) méⁿdzēj rester 8.7.2) Mofu North (Barreteau) méⁿdzēj habiter 8.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ⁿdʒ ́ stay s'asseoir ; rester ; habiter ; attendre

9Proto-Lamang *ⁿzakʷ sit asseoir 9.1) Lamang (Wolff) nzuk sit 9.2) Hdi (Bramlett) nzaku to be seated s'asseoir

10Proto-Higi *ⁿdza sit asseoir 10.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ⁿdza dwell; inhabit; live; stay 10.2) Kirya (Blench) ⁿdzá to stay 10.3) Psikye (Angelo) nzá exist, stay 10.4) Bana (Lienhard) ⁿdzì s'asseoir, rester, demeurer
Comments (0)

 

z v. to smell bad sentir mauvais (5 groups, 16 languages) A
The root sense of this verb is 'to smell rotten'. The change *z→ⁿdz in Proto-Daba is irregular.

1Proto-Daba *ⁿdzɨ ʸ smell sentir 1.1) Gavar (Viljoen) ⁿdʒi smell (v) sentir 1.1.1) Gavar (Viljoen) ⁿdʒi stink, smell (bad) puer, sentir mauvais 1.2) Daba (Lienhard) ⁿdʒī sentir, répandre une odeur, puer

2Proto-Tera *zi smell sentir 2.1) Tera (Newman) ʒi smell 2.1.1) Tera (Newman) ʒi say 2.1.2) Tera (Newman) ʒi tell 2.1.3) Tera (Newman) ʒi answer 2.1.4) Tera (Newman) ʒi pour (in) 2.2) Nyimatli (Harley) ʒi stink, smell (bad) 2.2.1) Nyimatli (Harley) ʒi smell (v)

3Proto-Mandara *z ʸ smell sentir 3.1) Matal (Branger) màʒᶦnàj smell sentir mal

4Proto-Mofu *z smell sentir 4.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) smell sentir, odeur, désaccord 4.1.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) rotten pourrir 4.2) Muyang (Smith) zi rot, stink, give off a smell (good or bad), of fruit, meat, etc. pourrir, sentir (soit bon, soit mauvais) 4.2.1) Muyang (Smith) to smell something sentir quelque chose 4.3) Mada (Nkoumou) mezʒeŋa sentir 4.4) Moloko (Friesen) ze smell sentir 4.4.1) Moloko (Friesen) ze stink puer 4.5) Zulgo (Haller) sentir, exhaler une odeur 4.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) meze suwekeke stink, smell (bad) puer, sentir mauvais 4.7) Merey (Gravina) ze stink, smell (bad) puer, sentir mauvais 4.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) mazaj smell (v) sentir 4.9) Mofu North (Barreteau) mézéj sentir 4.9.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) mézéj pourri 4.10) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) z sentir, pourrir

5Proto-Lamang *zɨju smell sentir 5.1) Lamang (Wolff) zəju smell
Comments (0)

 

zaj n. faeces selles (5 groups, 18 languages) A syn: ɣʷɨvi, ᵑgʷɨ.
This root is largely stable, except for the loss of *j in a few languages. It is found in the languages around the Northern Mandara mountains.

1Proto-Mafa *zaj faeces selles 1.1) Mafa (Barreteau) zaj excrément 1.2) Cuvok (Gravina) zaj urine urine

2Proto-Hurza *azaj faeces selles 2.1) Mbuko (Gravina) azaj excrement selles 2.2) Vame (Kinnaird) àzàj excrement ; faeces excrément ; défécation ; déchet_d'un_être_humain_ou_d'un_animal

3Proto-Mandara *zaj faeces excrément 3.1) Matal (Branger) zaj faeces excrément

4Proto-Mofu *zaj faeces selles 4.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) zàj excrement excrément 4.2) Muyang (Smith) ɑzɑj excrement, solid part left when liquid is removed excrément, partie solide qui reste quand un liquide a été enlevé 4.3) Mada (Nkoumou) za crotte, kaka, selles 4.3.1) Mada (Nkoumou) aza excrement 4.4) Moloko (Friesen) azaj faeces (feces) excrément; selles 4.5) Zulgo (Haller) za excrément m. 4.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) za excrement excrément 4.7) Merey (Gravina) zaj excrement excrément 4.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) zaj excrement excrément 4.9) Mofu North (Barreteau) zāj éxcrément, selles, crotte, bouse 4.9.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) zāj d;-echet 4.10) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) záj excrément, selles, crotte, bouse 4.10.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) záj déchet

5Proto-Maroua *zaj faeces selles 5.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) zaj excrément, faute, déchet etc... résidu 5.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) zaj excrement excrément 5.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) zaj excrément
Comments (0)

 

zɨm v. to eat manger (15 groups, 38 languages) B cf: hʷɨpɨɗ.
This is the generic verb for eating. There is a regular change *z→s in Proto-Margi, and separately in the North Kotoko-Musgum major group (consisting of the Kotoko Island, Kotoko North and Musgum groups). There was a subsequent change *s→h in Kotoko Island. The Zina form is not the result of a regular change. There was also a regular word-final change *m→w in Proto-Mandara. This change may also have taken place as a sporadic change in Proto-Lamang. There is weak evidence from Bata, Mbudum and Mbara for the existence of *w in the root, but it is not included until more evidence becomes available.

1Proto-Bata *zɨm eat manger 1.1) Bata (Boyd) sùm eat 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) zəmən Manger ;

2Proto-Daba *zɨm eat manger 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) zɑm eat manger 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) zəm eat manger 2.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) zəm conquer, defeat vaincre 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) zum eat manger

3Proto-Tera *zɨm eat manger 3.1) Tera (Newman) zəmi eat (e.g. cooked grain) 3.2) Nyimatli (Harley) zu̱mi eat 3.2.1) Nyimatli (Harley) zu̱m eat 3.3) Gaʼanda (Gwaji) sǝmⁿda to eat

4Proto-Margi *sim eat manger 4.1) Bura (Blench) sim To eat (general term) 4.2) Margi (Hoffman) səm to eat 4.3) Kilba (Schuh) səma// eat (food in general) 4.3.1) Kilba (Schuh) səma// be sharp (blade)

5Proto-Mandara *zɨwa eat manger 5.1) Matal (Branger) mazəwaj, mazuwaj eat manger 5.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) za manger 5.3) Malgwa (Löhr) za eat 5.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) zᵊga eat 5.5) Dghwede (Frick) wuza to eat

6Proto-Mofu *zɨm eat manger 6.1) Mada (Nkoumou) mazma manger 6.2) Moloko (Friesen) zom eat foods like boule, not nuts or meat.; nouritture comme la boule, pas des noix ni de la viande 6.3) Zulgo (Haller) zə́m manger 6.3.1) Zulgo (Haller) zə́m être tranchant, e 6.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) mezəme manger 6.5) Mofu North (Barreteau) mézə̀mèj manger (boule de mil) 6.5.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) mézə̀mèj se détruire (pour les grains) 6.5.2) Mofu North (Barreteau) mézə̀mèj être tranchant (couteau-rasoir) 6.5.3) Mofu North (Barreteau) mézə̀mèj hériter 6.6) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) zam manger 6.6.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ́zəm manger (boule de mil) 6.6.2) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ́zəm être tranchant (couteau, rasoir) 6.6.3) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ́zəm hériter 6.6.4) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ́zəm manger par sorcellerie ; faire un éclair (assimilé à un sorcier qui mange les gens) 6.6.5) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ́zəm ronger, bouffer, grignoter (souris, termites, etc.) 6.6.6) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ́zəm brûler (feu) 6.6.7) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ́zəm faire un bon marché (achat)

7Proto-Maroua *zuma, zimi eat manger 7.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) zuma goɗ eat manger 7.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) ʒimi manger 7.2.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) zìmíʼ eat manger

8Proto-Lamang *za eat manger 8.1) Lamang (Wolff) za eat 8.2) Hdi (Bramlett) zaj to eat manger

9Proto-Higi *zɨmɨ eat manger 9.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) zəmə 1.eat.2.twin 9.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) zimo eat 9.3) Psikye (Angelo) zəmə́ eat 9.4) Bana (Lienhard) zə̀mə̀ manger

10Proto-Kotoko Island *hɨm eat manger 10.1) Buduma (McKone) həm manger.

11Proto-Kotoko North *sɨm eat manger 11.1) Afade (Allison) sɨm; sɨmun eat manger 11.2) Mpade (Allison) sɨ̀m eat manger

12Proto-Kotoko Centre *zɨm eat manger 12.1) Lagwan (Allison) zɨmun a chew mâcher 12.1.1) Lagwan (Allison) zɨmwun (zɨmi, zɨm) eat manger 12.2) Mser (Allison) dʒim mate chew mâcher 12.2.1) Mser (Allison) dʒim eat manger

13Proto-Kotoko South *hʷɨma eat manger 13.1) Zina (Odden) hùmà + afá chew mâcher

14Proto-Musgum *simi, zum eat manger 14.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) simi manger 14.2) Mbara (Tourneux) zum eat manger

15Proto-Gidar *ɨzɨma eat manger 15.1) Gidar (Hungerford) wəzəma manger 15.2) Gidar (Schuh) əzəma manger (général)
Comments (0)