Search results for "ɣaj"

ɣaj nm. compound concession (12 groups, 28 languages) A rel. to: vɨn ʸ.
The basic meaning of this root is the entire compound, whilst *vɨn ʸ denotes a single building. The initial *ɣ also has the reflexes /g/ and /h/. The reflex /h/ is regular in Mandara, Malgwa, Muyang, Moloko and Proto-Kotoko North. The reflex /g/ is regular in the Meri sub-group of the Mofu group. In the Mofu subgroup the *ɣ is regularly lost. The *j is reanalysed as the palatalisation prosody in Proto-Daba, and is vocalised in Sukur, which are common sporadic processes. It combines with *a in Proto-Kotoko South, which is an unestablished change.

1Proto-Bata *hajɨ hut case 1.1) Sharwa (Gravina) hajə Maison

2Proto-Daba *ga ʸ hut case 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ge house maison 2.2) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ɡe house maison

3Proto-Mafa *gaj hut case 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) gáj case, consession

4Proto-Sukur *ɣi hut case 4.1) Sukur (David) ɣí house 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) ɣəi home; the house that you live in, especially with your family.

5Proto-Hurza *aga hut case 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) àga at_house_of chez

6Proto-Mandara *ɣaj hut case 6.1) Matal (Branger) gàj hut case 6.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) kaja,-ə 1 concession, case, maison 6.2.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) kaja,-ə 2 conteneur 6.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) concession (f), maison (f) 6.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) xàːwa entrance hut

7Proto-Mofu *ɣaj hut case 7.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ɣàj house maison 7.2) Muyang (Smith) ɑhɑj maison, concession ; toute construction 7.2.1) Muyang (Smith) ɑhɑj class classe 7.3) Moloko (Friesen) háj house, compound maison; concession 7.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) ga house maison 7.5) Merey (Gravina) gaj hut case, maison 7.5.1) Merey (Gravina) maison 7.6) Dugwor (Jubumna) gaj house maison 7.6.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) gaj hut case 7.7) Mofu North (Barreteau) ʔáj maison (ensemble de case) 7.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) waj home maison, concession

8Proto-Maroua *gaj hut case 8.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) gái house maison

9Proto-Higi *ɣaj hut case 9.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ɣʷo house 9.2) Kirya (Blench) ɣàj house 9.3) Psikye (Angelo) ge house 9.4) Bana (Lienhard) ɣjì maison

10Proto-Kotoko North *ho hut case 10.1) Afade (Allison) ho house maison 10.2) Mpade (Allison) ho house maison 10.3) Malgbe (Allison) ha house maison

11Proto-Kotoko Centre *ɣaa hut case 11.1) Lagwan (Allison) ɣaa house maison

12Proto-Kotoko South *ɣe hut case 12.1) Mazera (Allison) ɣe hut case 12.1.1) Mazera (Allison) ɣe house maison
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hʷaɗik n. earth terre (12 groups, 24 languages) C
The basic meaning of this root is the soil or earth that the ground is made from. The evidence for *hʷ rather than *h comes from Cuvok, Mbuko and Lamang. In Cuvok the *h component has been lost, resulting in /w/. In Mbuko the labialisation is reanalysed as the labialisation prosody, and in Lamang it has resulted in /o/. These are common sporadic processes. In several languages the *ɗ and *i have fused, resulting in *j. In the Kilba the result is /ʔʲ/. In Kamwe-Futu and Bana the *i has caused the palatalisation of the *h. *k has been lost in all groups except for the Daba, Mafa and Hurza, which is not a regular process. The final /k/ in Hdi is a frozen suffix, and not a reflex of *k. The *i has direct support from the Margi, Lamang and Higi groups.

1Proto-Daba *hajak earth terre 1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) hɑjɑk ground, land sol 1.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) hɑjɑk dirt, soil sol 1.1.2) Buwal (Viljoen) hɑjɑk country, ethnic area pays 1.2) Gavar (Viljoen) hɑjɑk dirt, soil terre 1.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) hɑjɑk ground, land sol 1.2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) hɑjɑk country, ethnic area pays 1.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) hajak dirt, soil terre, sol 1.3.1) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) hajak ground, land terre 1.4) Daba (Lienhard) hàjə̄k ʼ la terre, le pays

2Proto-Mafa *wɨjak earth terre 2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) ujak terre

3Proto-Tera *ɣaj earth terre 3.1) Tera (Newman) ɣaj earth 3.1.1) Tera (Newman) ɣaj ground 3.1.2) Tera (Newman) ɣaj town 3.2) Nyimatli (Harley) ɣai dirt, soil

4Proto-Sukur *haɗ earth terre 4.1) Sukur (Thomas) haɗ ground

5Proto-Hurza *hʷigaj earth terre 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) jugo earth la terre 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) hígàj ground ; earth sol ; terre

6Proto-Margi *hɨɗi earth terre 6.1) Bura (Blench) hi Earth, soil, dirt 6.2) Kilba (Schuh) həʼi earth 6.2.1) Kilba (Schuh) həʼi land

7Proto-Mandara *haja earth terre 7.1) Mandara (Fluckiger) háhá terre (f) 7.2) Malgwa (Löhr) haha earth, soil, ground 7.3) Dghwede (Frick) xaja earth

8Proto-Mofu *ahɨɗ earth terre 8.1) Zulgo (Haller) àhə̀ɗ terre f., sol m.

9Proto-Maroua *haj earth terre 9.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) haj terre

10Proto-Lamang *hʷaɗi earth terre 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) hoɗo ground, earth 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) haɗik soil, earth la terre

11Proto-Higi *hɨɗi earth terre 11.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) hjiɗi ground; land; earth 11.2) Kirya (Blench) hàhàj soil 11.3) Psikye (Angelo) xeɗí dirt, earth, ground 11.4) Bana (Lienhard) xjìɗì terre, pays

12Proto-Musgum *jahaj earth terre 12.1) Mbara (Tourneux) jahaj earth terre
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nɨɣ v. to see voir (7 groups, 19 languages) A
The final *ɣ has the reflexes *h in Proto-Maroua and *k in Proto-Mofu. It is deleted in Proto-Tera. In Jimi it has the reflex /ᵑg/. These are all irregular or unestablished.

1Proto-Bata *nɨɣ see voir 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) nee see 1.1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) nee 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) nəᵑgən Regarder ;

2Proto-Tera *na see voir 2.1) Tera (Newman) na this 2.1.1) Tera (Newman) na see 2.2) Nyimatli (Harley) na see 2.2.1) Nyimatli (Harley) na when 2.2.2) Nyimatli (Harley) na there

3Proto-Mandara *nɨɣa see voir 3.1) Matal (Branger) mànᵊ̀ŋāj see voir 3.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) naká voir, regarder 3.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) náha prévoir, constater, regarder, remplir, mûrir, redire l'avenir - voir 3.4) Malgwa (Löhr) na see 3.5) Glavda (Nghagyiva) nɨ̀ʁga see

4Proto-Mofu *nɨk see voir 4.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) ménə̀kéj regarder, 4.1.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) ménə̀kéj voir 4.1.2) Mofu North (Barreteau) ménə̀kéj examiner 4.2) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ́nək look regarder, voir, examiner

5Proto-Maroua *nahi see voir 5.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) nàhíʼ see voir

6Proto-Lamang *nɨɣa see voir 6.1) Lamang (Wolff) nɣa see 6.2) Hdi (Bramlett) nəɣaj to look, to see regarder, voir

7Proto-Higi *nɨɣɨ see voir 7.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) nə nə 1.see.2.kind of shrub 7.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) negə see 7.3) Kirya (Blench) nə̀ to look 7.4) Psikye (Angelo) nəwə look 7.4.1) Psikye (Angelo) naké see 7.5) Bana (Lienhard) nìɣə̀ voir
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