Search results for "ɣʷɨr"

ɣʷɨr n. field champ (5 groups, 5 languages) C syn: gʷɨvɨh, raj, sɨka.
This root is found in a small but diverse group of languages. It is possible that the root is cognate with *raj, though there is insufficient evidence to establish this with confidence. There is a regular change *r→l in the languages of the North sub-branch, with the irregular exception of Mbara. *ɣʷ has a wide range of reflexes, not all of which are regular.

1Proto-Tera *gar field champ 1.1) Nyimatli (Harley) gar bush 1.1.1) Nyimatli (Harley) gar farm

2Proto-Sukur *ɣʷɨr field champ 2.1) Sukur (David) ɣur field, plot 2.2) Sukur (David) ɣər farm

3Proto-Mofu *gɨlɨ ʸ field champ 3.1) Muyang (Smith) ɡili fields, cultivated bush brousse cultivé 3.1.1) Muyang (Smith) ɡili fields, cultivated bush brousse cultivé

4Proto-Musgum *wɨr field champ 4.1) Mbara (Tourneux) wur field champ

5Proto-Gidar *gʷɨlɨjo field champ 5.1) Gidar (Hungerford) gulijo champ, ferme 5.2) Gidar (Schuh) gulijo champs
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ɣʷɨrɨp v. blind aveugle (11 groups, 35 languages) A
This root is attested as a noun, adjective or verb. The basic sense was the verb 'to be blind'. The
*ɣʷ has the usual wide range of regular and irregular reflexes. The labialisation component has been reanalysed as the labialisation prosody in Proto-Maroua, which is a common sporadic process. There was a regular change *r→l in the groups of the North sub-branch, and also in Proto-Daba. In Proto-Central Chadic, *p was realised as [f] in word-final position, but has the reflex /p/ in Hdi, which is an unestablished change.

1Proto-Bata *wɨrɨfɨ blind aveugle 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) múurə́fá -ə blind person 1.1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) uurəfə become blind, be blind, make blind 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) wərəfən Devenir aveugle ; 1.3) Tsuvan (Johnston) awəlfe l'aveugle

2Proto-Daba *wɨlɨf blind aveugle 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ulɑf blind person (un) aveugle 2.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ulɑf make blind aveugler 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) wələf blind person (un) aveugle 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) wuləf blind person (un) aveugle 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) wə̀lə̀f l'aveugle ; aveugler

3Proto-Hurza *ɣʷɨraf blind aveugle 3.1) Mbuko (Gravina) hurof be_blind être aveugle 3.1.1) Mbuko (Gravina) hurof blind aveugle 3.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ɣùlàf 1 blind person aveugle 3.2.1) Vame (Kinnaird) ɣùlàf 2 blind aveugle

4Proto-Margi *wɨlɨfu blind aveugle 4.1) Margi (Hoffman) ləfə blind person 4.2) Kilba (Schuh) wulfu/u blind

5Proto-Mandara *ɣʷɨlɨfɨ blind aveugle 5.1) Matal (Branger) gʷələf, guləf blind person aveugle 5.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ləfa aveugler 5.2.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) ləfaha ləfa devenir aveugle 5.2.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ᵑgúləfa,-ə aveugle 5.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) welfe aveugle 5.4) Malgwa (Löhr) ŋulfe, wulfe blind 5.5) Glavda (Nghagyiva) gùlfa (be) blind 5.5.1) Glavda (Nghagyiva) dàdá gùlfa blind person

6Proto-Mofu *ɣʷɨlɨf blind aveugle 6.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) wùlə̀f blind aveugle 6.2) Mada (Nkoumou) muwlofa (un) aveugle 6.3) Moloko (Friesen) həlof blind aveugler 6.3.1) Moloko (Friesen) həlof un être aveugle 6.3.2) Moloko (Friesen) həlofəga blind animal animal_aveugle 6.4) Zulgo (Haller) gùluf (ŋá) aveugle, privé de la vue 6.4.1) Zulgo (Haller) malá gùluf aveugle m. 6.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) gulof blind person (un) aveugle 6.5.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) megulfe di ᵐburo aveugler 6.6) Merey (Gravina) guluf blind person (un) aveugle 6.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) ⁿdaw gulof araj blind person (un) aveugle 6.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) wùlàf aveugle 6.8.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) méwùlfʼej aveugler, être aveugle 6.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) húlf aveugler, rendre aveugle 6.9.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) wúlf aveugler, rendre aveugle 6.9.2) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) wulaf aveugle, illettré

7Proto-Maroua *hɨlɨf ʷ blind aveugle 7.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) huluf être aveugle, devenir aveugle 7.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) hulof blind person (un) aveugle

8Proto-Lamang *ɣʷɨlpa blind aveugle 8.1) Hdi (Bramlett) ɣulpaku blind aveugle

9Proto-Higi *ɣʷɨlɨfi blind aveugle 9.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ɣuli blind 9.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ɣʷèlì Blind. 9.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ɣuləpi (be) blind 9.2.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) mdiɣulə blind person 9.3) Kirya (Blench) mə́ɣùɽìpàə̀ blind 9.4) Bana (Lienhard) ɣʷə̀lf(ə́), ɣʷə̀lə̀f aveugle

10Proto-Kotoko Centre *nɣʷɨf blind aveugle 10.1) Lagwan (Allison) nxufi blind person (un) aveugle 10.2) Mser (Allison) ngʷafɨ blind person (un) aveugle

11Proto-Kotoko South *ɣʷajra blind aveugle 11.1) Zina (Odden) ɣʷàjrà blind person (un) aveugle
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wɨraj nm. neck cou (12 groups, 29 languages) A syn: ɣɨwaj.
This is a widespread root with a complex history. The final *j has been lost in a number of groups, and in the Margi, Higi and Musgum groups it has been reanalysed as palatalisation. These are common sporadic processes. The *r has the regular reflex *l in the groups of the North sub-branch, and also the Daba group. However there was an irregular change *r to *ɗ in Proto-Mafa, which spread to Proto-Maroua, Proto-Mofu and Proto-Sukur. There was then a further change to *ʔ in Proto-Sukur and Proto-Maroua, and to /d/ in Mafa, which are unestablished changes. The initial *w has been lost in several groups, and in Sukur has fused with the /ʔ/. These are common sporadic processes.

1Proto-Bata *wɨra neck cou 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ùurá (inher. poss., body part); neck, throat 1.1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ùurá voice, language (reg. poss.) 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) wuran 1 - Cou; 2 - Langue parlée; 3 - Gorge 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) wura Cou 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) wula le cou

2Proto-Daba *wɨla neck cou 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ulɑ neck cou 2.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ulɑ voice voix 2.1.2) Buwal (Viljoen) ulɑ cry cri 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) wəlɑ neck cou 2.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) wəlɑ voice voix 2.2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) wəlɑ cry cri 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) wula neck cou 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) wə̀là le cou ; appeler

3Proto-Mafa *ɗaja neck cou 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) dájá cou

4Proto-Sukur *ʔʷaj neck cou 4.1) Sukur (David) ʼoj neck

5Proto-Margi *wɨla ʸ neck cou 5.1) Bura (Blench) wulja Neck (general term) Neck of a musical instrumnent such as gulum or yakandi 5.2) Margi South (Harley) gjulija neck 5.3) Kilba (Schuh) wulja neck

6Proto-Mofu *ɗaj neck cou 6.1) Zulgo (Haller) ɗa cou m. 6.2) Gemzek (Sabatai) bijɗa le cou 6.2.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) bijɗa voice voix 6.3) Merey (Gravina) ɗaj cou 6.3.1) Merey (Gravina) ɗaj neck cou, voix 6.4) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɗaj voice voix 6.4.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɗaj throat gorge 6.4.2) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɗaj neck cou 6.5) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɗaj neck cou 6.5.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɗaj voix

7Proto-Maroua *ʔaj neck cou 7.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) aj neck cou 7.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) ʼaj cou 7.2.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) ājīʼ neck (front & back) cou (nuque et gorge)

8Proto-Lamang *ulek neck cou 8.1) Lamang (Wolff) ulek neck

9Proto-Higi *wɨlɨj neck cou 9.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) wuljə neck 9.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) wulji neck 9.3) Kirya (Blench) wúɽí neck, voice 9.4) Bana (Lienhard) wə́rí cou, voix

10Proto-Kotoko South *ɣʷɨre neck cou 10.1) Zina (Odden) wùni neck cou 10.2) Mazera (Allison) ɣule neck cou

11Proto-Musgum *wɨla ʸ neck cou 11.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) wile cou

12Proto-Gidar *wɨla neck cou 12.1) Gidar (Schuh) wula, a cou 12.2) Gidar (Hungerford) wəlaʼ cou
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