Search results for "ɣʷɨva"

dɨɣʷɨvan nm. leopard panthère (5 groups, 13 languages) D
The general sense of the root is 'leopard', though in Dugwor, Mbazla and possibly Merey the root is part of a compound, implying that it may have a different or more generic meaning. The root itself is difficult to reconstruct. The *n to r change in the Mofu group is regular. The loss of *ɣʷ is normal, though often the labialisation component remains in some form. In the Bata group the labialisation has transferred to *v.

1Proto-Bata *dɨgɨvʷa leopard léopard 1.1) Jimi (Djibi) dəgəvʷan La panthère 1.2) Sharwa (Gravina) digvʷa panthère, léopard 1.3) Tsuvan (Johnston) dəgəva la panthère

2Proto-Sukur *dɨgʷavak leopard léopard 2.1) Sukur (David) dəgʷavak leopard léopard 2.2) Sukur (David) duguvu hyena hyène 2.3) Sukur (Thomas) dəgʷavak leopard

3Proto-Mofu *dɨvar leopard léopard 3.1) Zulgo (Haller) də̀var panthère f., léopard m. 3.2) Gemzek (Sabatai) dəvar panthère 3.3) Merey (Gravina) dəvar panthère 3.3.1) Merey (Gravina) dəvar dzidzege leopard léopard 3.4) Dugwor (Jubumna) dəvar j peɬ leopard léopard 3.5) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) dəvá Léopard ("panthère")

4Proto-Maroua *dɨvaŋ leopard léopard 4.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) dəvaŋ garak léopard 4.1.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) dəvaŋ lion

5Proto-Higi *dɨɣʷava leopard léopard 5.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) dəɣʷava leopard 5.2) Psikye (Angelo) ɗəgʷava hyena hyène 5.2.1) Psikye (Angelo) dəgʷava hyena hyène 5.3) Bana (Lienhard) d(ə̀)ɣʷàvà panthère
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ɣʷɨva nf. body corps (8 groups, 29 languages) B
This is the general term for the human body. In the Meri subgroup of the Mofu group there was a regular change *v→b. *ɣʷ has been lost in many groups, though in most cases this change is not regular. The labialisation component has been retained in some languages either as *w or as the labialisation prosody.

1Proto-Mafa *vaw body corps 1.1) Mafa (Barreteau) va corps 1.2) Cuvok (Gravina) vaw body corps

2Proto-Tera *va body corps 2.1) Tera (Newman) va body 2.2) Nyimatli (Harley) ku̱zu̱mdi va body 2.2.1) Nyimatli (Harley) ku̱zu̱mdi va skin (of man)

3Proto-Sukur *vɨ body corps 3.1) Sukur (David) body 3.2) Sukur (Thomas) body:the hole physical structure of human and an animal.

4Proto-Mandara *ɣʷɨvɨ body corps 4.1) Matal (Branger) vək body corps 4.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) kava corps 4.2.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) nava,-ə corps 4.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) vua corps (m) 4.4) Malgwa (Löhr) vuwe body 4.5) Glavda (Owens) v body 4.6) Dghwede (Frick) vəga body

5Proto-Mofu *vaw body corps 5.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) body corps 5.2) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) self soi 5.3) Muyang (Smith) vu body, self corps, soi-même 5.4) Mada (Nkoumou) va, mla ava vá corps 5.5) Moloko (Friesen) va body corps 5.6) Zulgo (Haller) ba corps m. 5.6.1) Zulgo (Haller) bá, də̀rvà se 5.6.2) Zulgo (Haller) bá, də̀rvà corps m. 5.7) Gemzek (Sabatai) ba body corps 5.8) Merey (Gravina) ba body corps 5.9) Dugwor (Jubumna) ba body corps 5.10) Mofu North (Barreteau) váw le corps

6Proto-Maroua *va ʷ body corps 6.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) vo body corps

7Proto-Lamang *ɣɨva body corps 7.1) Lamang (Wolff) ɣvà body 7.2) Hdi (Bramlett) vəɣa body le corps

8Proto-Higi *ɣʷɨva body corps 8.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) gʷa body 8.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) gʷo body 8.3) Kirya (Blench) və̀ body 8.4) Psikye (Angelo) gəva body 8.5) Bana (Lienhard) vɣà corps
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ɣʷɨvɨn ʸ nm. charcoal charbon de bois (14 groups, 30 languages) B
This root is well attested across the Cental Chadic languages. The final *n has the reflex *r in the Mandara and Mofu groups, as part of a regular change. However this change should have affected the Margi group, but has not. The change *n to *ŋ in several other groups is also regular, as is the change *v to *f in Proto-Kotoko North. The initial *ɣʷ has the unestablished reflexes *hʷ in Proto-Hurza and *ᵑgʷ in Proto-Daba. There is also a glottal reflex, probably from the unestablished sequence *ɣ→*g→*ʔ. In Moloko this is realised as /ɗ/. In Proto-Kotoko North the glottal has then fused with the *f to create the ejective *fʼ, which is a common sporadic process. In some groups the fricative component of *ɣʷ has been lost, leaving the labialisation component. This has the reflex *w in Mser, and is reanalysed as the labialisation prosody in Proto-Daba and Proto-Maroua, another common sporadic process. The labialisation has attached to another consonant in Proto-Margi. There is evidence for the palatalisation prosody from Proto-Bata, Proto-Margi, Proto-Mofu, Proto-Lamang, Proto-Higi and Proto-Musgum. In some cases the prosody has been vocalised.

1Proto-Bata *ivɨnɨ ʸ charcoal charbon 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ìvə̀njínə charcoal. 1.2) Sharwa (Gravina) avihi charbon

2Proto-Daba *ᵑgʷɨvan ʷ charcoal charbon 2.1) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ŋɡuvoŋ charcoal charbon de bois 2.2) Daba (Lienhard) ᵑgə̀vānʼ le charbon de bois

3Proto-Mafa *vaŋ charcoal charbon 3.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) vaŋ charbon

4Proto-Sukur *vin charcoal charbon de bois 4.1) Sukur (David) vin charcoal charbon

5Proto-Hurza *hʷɨvan charcoal charbon 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) uvon charcoal charbon 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) hùvàn coal charbon

6Proto-Margi *vʷɨni charcoal charbon 6.1) Bura (Blench) vina Charcoal charbon 6.2) Margi (Hoffman) vunji charcoal charbon 6.3) Margi South (Harley) uvʷiᵑgi charcoal 6.3.1) Margi South (Harley) uvʷunji charcoal

7Proto-Mandara *ɣʷɨvɨrɨ charcoal charbon 7.1) Matal (Branger) aval charcoal charbon 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) uvara,-ə charbon 7.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ʁùvɾa charcoal charbon

8Proto-Mofu *ɣʷavar ʸ charcoal charbon 8.1) Moloko (Friesen) ɗever carbon charbon 8.2) Zulgo (Haller) aver charbon (m.) de bois 8.2.1) Zulgo (Haller) avér charbon (m.) de bois 8.3) Gemzek (Sabatai) aver charcoal charbon de bois 8.4) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ávaŋʷ charbon de bois

9Proto-Maroua *avɨn ʷ charcoal charbon 9.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) vù Mj, Mt), avoŋ, avu (Mv) (j) charbons éteints

10Proto-Lamang *ɣʷɨvani charcoal charbon 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) ɣuvini charcoal 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) vwani charcoal le charbon de bois

11Proto-Higi *vɨʔʲɨn charcoal charbon 11.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) vjə charcoal charbon 11.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) vəno charcoal charbon 11.3) Bana (Lienhard) və̀ʼì charbon

12Proto-Kotoko North *fʼanfʼan charcoal charbon 12.1) Afade (Allison) fʼanfaʔn charcoal charbon de bois 12.2) Mpade (Allison) fònfòn charcoal charbon de bois 12.3) Malgbe (Allison) fanfan charcoal charbon de bois

13Proto-Kotoko Centre *wɨvan charcoal charbon 13.1) Mser (Allison) uvan charcoal charbon de bois

14Proto-Musgum *avaŋ ʸ charcoal charbon 14.1) Vulum (Tourneux) aveŋ charbon de bois 14.1.1) Vulum (Tourneux) aŋveŋ charbon de bois 14.2) Muskum (Tourneux) vet charbon de bois
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