Search results for "ɬɨn"

ɬinɨ nf., v. work travail (11 groups, 34 languages) A
*ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch, and here that is the case in Proto-Daba and Proto-Sukur. However, in the Tera group we expect /ɮ/ but find /ɬ/, and in the Bata group we expect /ɮ/ in Tsuvan and /l/ in the other languages cited, but find /ɬ/ in all languages except Bata. The *n has the regular reflex *r in the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group, and here also in the Giziga languages, borrowed from Mofu-Gudur. *i is reconstructed based on its presence in Proto-Bata, Proto-Margi, Proto-Mandara and Proto-Higi. In most other groups *i is no longer contrastive.

1Proto-Bata *ɬinɨ work travail 1.1) Bata (Boyd) lènto work 1.2) Gude (Hoskinson) ɬənə work 1.2.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ɬə̀ná -ə work 1.3) Jimi (Djibi) ɬinən Travail, travailler ; 1.4) Sharwa (Gravina) ɬən travail 1.5) Tsuvan (Johnston) ɬinikən le travail

2Proto-Daba *ɮɨn work travail 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ɮɑn work (n) travail 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ɮən work (n) travail

3Proto-Tera *ɬɨna work travail 3.1) Tera (Newman) ɬəna work 3.2) Nyimatli (Harley) ɬu̱na work (n)

4Proto-Sukur *ɮɨn work travail 4.1) Sukur (David) ɮən work 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) ɮən work

5Proto-Hurza *ɬɨna work travail 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) aɬan travail 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ɬə̄rá work travail

6Proto-Margi *ɬir work travail 6.1) Bura (Blench) kiɬir Work 6.2) Margi (Hoffman) ɬər work 6.3) Kilba (Schuh) ɬəra// work

7Proto-Mandara *ɬɨri work travail 7.1) Matal (Branger) ɬᵊ̄rāj work travail 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ɬərá travailler, cultiver 7.2.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) ɬəra,-i travail 7.3) Malgwa (Löhr) thləra work 7.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ɬɾa work (n) 7.4.1) Glavda (Owens) łə work 7.5) Dghwede (Frick) ɬəra work

8Proto-Mofu *ɬɨr work travail 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) àɬə̀r work travail 8.2) Moloko (Friesen) ɬərele work travail 8.3) Gemzek (Sabatai) məɬer work (n) travail 8.4) Merey (Gravina) məɬer work (n) travail 8.5) Dugwor (Jubumna) məɬer work (n) travail 8.6) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɬəra travail

9Proto-Maroua *ɬɨra work travail 9.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ɬra, ɬra travail 9.1.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ɬra travail 9.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) ɬira work (n) travail

10Proto-Lamang *ɬɨna work travail 10.1) Hdi (Bramlett) ɬəna work le travail

11Proto-Higi *ɬinɨ work travail 11.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ɬə́nə́ Work 11.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ɬinə work 11.3) Kirya (Blench) ɬə́nə́ work, duty 11.4) Psikye (Angelo) ɬə́nə́ work 11.5) Bana (Lienhard) ɬə́ní travail, travailler
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ɬɨɗɨn ʸ nf. tooth dent (18 groups, 53 languages) B
This root is found in all groups, and can be reconstructed for Proto-Chadic and in other branches of Afroasiatic. *ɬ behaves as expected, having the regular reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch and other regular reflexes such as /l/, /s/ and /h/ in individual languages or group proto-languages. The final *n has the regular reflex *r in the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group. *ɗ is reconstructed based on data from the Daba and Lamang groups. In the Daba group, the reflex /ɗ/ is found. In the Lamang group the Lamang language has /d/ and Hdi has /ʔ/, giving good grounds for reconstructing *ɗ. In the Hurza group, the Vame word gives support for a middle consonant in the root, but does not provide support for *ɗ itself. Under palatalisation,
regularly becomes /j/ in most languages, which accounts for its absence in some cases. There is evidence for the palatalisation prosody from almost all groups where it is a productive feature.

1Proto-Bata *ɮinɨ ʸ tooth dent 1.1) Bata (Boyd) linto tooth 1.2) Gude (Hoskinson) lìnjínə (inher. poss., body part) tooth, teeth 1.3) Jimi (Djibi) linjən Dent 1.4) Sharwa (Gravina) linjə Dent 1.5) Tsuvan (Johnston) ɮine la dent

2Proto-Daba *ɮɨɗaŋ ʸ tooth dent 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ɮəɗeŋ tooth dent 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ɮiɗeŋ tooth dent

3Proto-Mafa *ɮan ʸ tooth dent 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ɮene dent 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ɮeŋ tooth dent

4Proto-Tera *ɮin tooth dent 4.1) Tera (Newman) ɮin tooth (general term and incisor) 4.2) Nyimatli (Harley) ɮin tooth

5Proto-Sukur *ɮɨn ʸ tooth dent 5.1) Sukur (David) ɮjin tooth 5.2) Sukur (Thomas) ɮin teeth:- is something in the mouth for both human and animal usually for eating and bitting.

6Proto-Hurza *ɬahan tooth dent 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ɬan tooth dent 6.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ɬāhán tooth dent

7Proto-Margi *ɬɨr ʸ tooth dent 7.1) Margi (Hoffman) hjir tooth 7.2) Margi South (Harley) hjir tooth 7.2.1) Margi South (Hoffman) hjir tooth 7.3) Kilba (Hoffman) hjir tooth 7.3.1) Kilba (Schuh) hjir tooth 7.4) Bura (Blench) ɬir Tooth (Preferably 'hlir') (BR) 7.4.1) Bura (Blench) hir Tooth 7.4.2) Bura (Blench) hjir, hir Tooth, teeth

8Proto-Mandara *ɬɨrɨ ʸ tooth dent 8.1) Matal (Branger) ɬɪ᷆ɗ tooth dent 8.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ɬira,-ə dent 8.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) ɬáré dent (f), défense d'éléphant, tranchant de la lame d'un instrument, croc d'un animal 8.4) Malgwa (Löhr) thlaare tooth 8.5) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ɬr̀ɗa tooth 8.6) Dghwede (Frick) ɬire tooth

9Proto-Mofu *ɬɨr ʸ tooth dent 9.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) āɬár tooth dent 9.2) Muyang (Smith) aɬər tooth dent 9.3) Mada (Nkoumou) aɬár dent 9.4) Moloko (Friesen) aɬar tooth dent 9.5) Zulgo (Haller) ɮír dent f. 9.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) ɮer tooth dent 9.7) Merey (Gravina) ɮer tooth dent 9.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɮer tooth dent 9.9) Mofu North (Barreteau) ɬér dent 9.10) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɬer dent ; croc, défense (d'éléphant)

10Proto-Maroua *ɬɨn ʸ tooth dent 10.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ɬiŋ dent 10.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) ɬin tooth dent 10.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) ɬiŋ dent 10.3.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) híŋ tooth dent

11Proto-Lamang *ɬiɗiŋ tooth dent 11.1) Lamang (Wolff) ɬidiŋ teeth 11.2) Hdi (Bramlett) ɬiʼiŋ tooth la dent

12Proto-Higi *ɬinɨ tooth dent 12.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ɬino tooth 12.2) Kirya (Blench) ɬàj tooth 12.3) Psikye (Angelo) ɬənə́ tooth 12.4) Bana (Lienhard) ɬìnì dent

13Proto-Kotoko Island *hɨnaj tooth dent 13.1) Buduma (McKone) hənaj dent.

14Proto-Kotoko North *ɬɨr tooth dent 14.1) Afade (Allison) ɬɨr tooth dent 14.2) Mpade (Allison) ʃán tooth dent 14.3) Malgbe (Allison) ɬɨr tooth dent

15Proto-Kotoko Centre *ɬɨni tooth dent 15.1) Lagwan (Allison) ɬɨni tooth dent 15.2) Mser (Allison) sɨr tooth dent

16Proto-Kotoko South *sin tooth dent 16.1) Zina (Odden) sìn tooth dent 16.2) Mazera (Allison) sine tooth dent

17Proto-Musgum *ɬɨŋ tooth dent 17.1) Vulum (Tourneux) ɬɨŋɬɨŋ dent

18Proto-Gidar *ɬaja tooth dent 18.1) Gidar (Schuh) ɬaja, dent 18.2) Gidar (Hungerford) ɬaja dent
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ɬɨn v. send envoyer (12 groups, 24 languages) A
The basic sense is to send someone to do something. The initial *ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the languages of the South sub-branch, along with other regular reflexes in individual languages and groups. The *n has the regular reflex *r in the Mandara and Mofu groups. However, the final /n/ in Bura is expected to be /r/, and in Cuvok /n/ is expected where /r/ is found. The /l/ in Matal is the result of a subsequent regular change *r→l. In Lagwan and Mser there may be two similar roots *ɬɨn and *ɬʼɨm. The second of these, which is also given for Mpade, may not be cognate. The Bura word contains the vowel /e/, which is not part of the core phonemic inventory.

1Proto-Daba *ɮɨn send envoyer 1.1) Gavar (Viljoen) ɮən send envoyer 1.2) Daba (Lienhard) ɮə̄n envoyer

2Proto-Mafa *ɮɨn send envoyer 2.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ɮiᵑgd envoyer 2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ɮəra send (something to someone) envoyer (qqch à qqun) 2.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) ɮar ⁿda send (someone to do something) envoyer en commission

3Proto-Hurza *ɬɨn send envoyer 3.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ɬan send envoyer 3.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ɬə́nā send envoyer

4Proto-Margi *ɬen send envoyer 4.1) Bura (Blench) ɬenta To send (BR) Preferably hlenta 4.1.1) Bura (Blench) hjenta To send; to cause to go

5Proto-Mandara *ɬɨr send envoyer 5.1) Matal (Branger) màɬə̀lāj send envoyer

6Proto-Mofu *ɬɨr send envoyer 6.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ɬə̄r send envoyer 6.2) Mada (Nkoumou) maɬla envoyer en mission 6.3) Moloko (Friesen) ɬar send envoyer 6.4) Zulgo (Haller) ɬə́r envoyer, déléguer 6.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) meɬəre send (something to someone) envoyer (qqch à qqun) 6.6) Merey (Gravina) ɬər send envoyer 6.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) məɬərej send (someone to do something) envoyer en commission 6.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɬər envoyer qqn, charger d'une commission, commissionner, rendre service

7Proto-Maroua *ɬɨn send envoyer 7.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ɬin envoyer 7.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) ɬəŋne send (someone to do something) envoyer en commission

8Proto-Kotoko North *tsʼam send envoyer 8.1) Mpade (Allison) tʃʼàm send (s.o. to do sth.) envoyer en commission

9Proto-Kotoko Centre *ɬɨn send envoyer 9.1) Lagwan (Allison) ɬɨ (ni) send (s.o. to do sth.) envoyer en commission 9.1.1) Lagwan (Allison) ɬʼɨmwun; ɬʼɨm send (s.o. to do sth.) envoyer en commission 9.2) Mser (Allison) sɨn (bɨlam) send (s.o. to do sth.) envoyer en commission 9.2.1) Mser (Allison) sʼam (ni) send (sth. to s.o.) envoyer (qqch à qqn)

10Proto-Kotoko South *sɨne send envoyer 10.1) Mazera (Allison) sɨne send (sth. to s.o.) envoyer (qqch à qqn) 10.1.1) Mazera (Allison) sɨne send (s.o. to do sth.) envoyer en commission

11Proto-Musgum *ɬɨnɨ ʸ send envoyer 11.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) ɬini envoyer

12Proto-Gidar *ɬɨna send envoyer 12.1) Gidar (Hungerford) wəɬəna envoyer
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