Search results for "ᵑgʷɨ"

ɣʷɨvɨn ʸ nm. charcoal charbon de bois (14 groups, 30 languages) B
This root is well attested across the Cental Chadic languages. The final *n has the reflex *r in the Mandara and Mofu groups, as part of a regular change. However this change should have affected the Margi group, but has not. The change *n to *ŋ in several other groups is also regular, as is the change *v to *f in Proto-Kotoko North. The initial *ɣʷ has the unestablished reflexes *hʷ in Proto-Hurza and *ᵑgʷ in Proto-Daba. There is also a glottal reflex, probably from the unestablished sequence *ɣ→*g→*ʔ. In Moloko this is realised as /ɗ/. In Proto-Kotoko North the glottal has then fused with the *f to create the ejective *fʼ, which is a common sporadic process. In some groups the fricative component of *ɣʷ has been lost, leaving the labialisation component. This has the reflex *w in Mser, and is reanalysed as the labialisation prosody in Proto-Daba and Proto-Maroua, another common sporadic process. The labialisation has attached to another consonant in Proto-Margi. There is evidence for the palatalisation prosody from Proto-Bata, Proto-Margi, Proto-Mofu, Proto-Lamang, Proto-Higi and Proto-Musgum. In some cases the prosody has been vocalised.

1Proto-Bata *ivɨnɨ ʸ charcoal charbon 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ìvə̀njínə charcoal. 1.2) Sharwa (Gravina) avihi charbon

2Proto-Daba *ᵑgʷɨvan ʷ charcoal charbon 2.1) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ŋɡuvoŋ charcoal charbon de bois 2.2) Daba (Lienhard) ᵑgə̀vānʼ le charbon de bois

3Proto-Mafa *vaŋ charcoal charbon 3.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) vaŋ charbon

4Proto-Sukur *vin charcoal charbon de bois 4.1) Sukur (David) vin charcoal charbon

5Proto-Hurza *hʷɨvan charcoal charbon 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) uvon charcoal charbon 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) hùvàn coal charbon

6Proto-Margi *vʷɨni charcoal charbon 6.1) Bura (Blench) vina Charcoal charbon 6.2) Margi (Hoffman) vunji charcoal charbon 6.3) Margi South (Harley) uvʷiᵑgi charcoal 6.3.1) Margi South (Harley) uvʷunji charcoal

7Proto-Mandara *ɣʷɨvɨrɨ charcoal charbon 7.1) Matal (Branger) aval charcoal charbon 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) uvara,-ə charbon 7.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ʁùvɾa charcoal charbon

8Proto-Mofu *ɣʷavar ʸ charcoal charbon 8.1) Moloko (Friesen) ɗever carbon charbon 8.2) Zulgo (Haller) aver charbon (m.) de bois 8.2.1) Zulgo (Haller) avér charbon (m.) de bois 8.3) Gemzek (Sabatai) aver charcoal charbon de bois 8.4) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ávaŋʷ charbon de bois

9Proto-Maroua *avɨn ʷ charcoal charbon 9.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) vù Mj, Mt), avoŋ, avu (Mv) (j) charbons éteints

10Proto-Lamang *ɣʷɨvani charcoal charbon 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) ɣuvini charcoal 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) vwani charcoal le charbon de bois

11Proto-Higi *vɨʔʲɨn charcoal charbon 11.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) vjə charcoal charbon 11.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) vəno charcoal charbon 11.3) Bana (Lienhard) və̀ʼì charbon

12Proto-Kotoko North *fʼanfʼan charcoal charbon 12.1) Afade (Allison) fʼanfaʔn charcoal charbon de bois 12.2) Mpade (Allison) fònfòn charcoal charbon de bois 12.3) Malgbe (Allison) fanfan charcoal charbon de bois

13Proto-Kotoko Centre *wɨvan charcoal charbon 13.1) Mser (Allison) uvan charcoal charbon de bois

14Proto-Musgum *avaŋ ʸ charcoal charbon 14.1) Vulum (Tourneux) aveŋ charbon de bois 14.1.1) Vulum (Tourneux) aŋveŋ charbon de bois 14.2) Muskum (Tourneux) vet charbon de bois
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ᵑgʷɨ nf. faeces selles (6 groups, 11 languages) C syn: ɣʷɨvi, zaj.
This is one of a small number of roots reconstructed with *ᵑgʷ. It is one of three well-attested roots for 'faeces'. In the Kotoko-North group, *ᵑgʷ has become /ᵑᵐg͡b/ in Malgbe and possibly Afade. The related change
*gʷ→g͡b is regular in Malgbe.

1Proto-Tera *ᵑgin faeces selles 1.1) Tera (Newman) ᵑgin faeces 1.2) Nyimatli (Harley) ᵑgin excrement, faeces

2Proto-Higi *gʲʷɨ faeces selles 2.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) gjwə feaces/excrement. 2.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) wɣə excrement; faeces; feces; dung; excreta

3Proto-Kotoko Island *nɨᵑgʷɨ faeces selles 3.1) Buduma (McKone) nuᵑgu selles, défécation.

4Proto-Kotoko North *eᵑgʷɨ excrement excrément 4.1) Afade (Allison) emɓo ([ɛᵑgbo])? excrement excrément 4.2) Mpade (Allison) èᵑgù excrement excrément 4.3) Malgbe (Allison) fɨɗa; emgbɨ excrement excrément

5Proto-Kotoko Centre *ᵑgʷɨ faeces excrément 5.1) Lagwan (Allison) ᵑgu excrement excrément 5.2) Mser (Allison) eᵑgo excrement excrément

6Proto-Kotoko South *dɨɣʷɨn faeces selles 6.1) Mazera (Allison) duɣun excrement excrément
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ᵑgʷɨrhak n. crow corbeau (11 groups, 28 languages) C
This root denotes the pied crow, and is onomatopoeic in origin, resembling the call of the crow. Given the relationships between the forms that are attested, the word may have been coined at an early time.

1Proto-Bata gʷahak crow corbeau 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ɣàaká -ə crow 1.1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) mə̀gʷàʼ ákə crow. 1.2) Sharwa (Gravina) kʷaa corbeau 1.3) Bata (Boyd) gàlike crow

2Proto-Daba ᵑgɨrhak crow corbeau 2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) ᵑgrɑk crow corbeau 2.2) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) məŋɡarhax crow corbeau 2.3) Daba (Lienhard) ᵑgə̀ràn ᵑgə̄rák le corbeau

3Proto-Mafa ᵑgawak crow corbeau 3.1) Cuvok (Gravina) maᵑgawak crow corbeau

4Proto-Tera kʷaɣi crow corbeau 4.1) Nyimatli (Harley) kʷaɣi crow

5Proto-Hurza ᵑgahak crow corbeau 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ᵑgahak crow corbeau

6Proto-Mandara *ɣɨɣakrɨ crow corbeau 6.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) həhaká,-ə corbeau 6.2) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ʁáʁàxɾa crow

7Proto-Mofu *ᵑgahak crow corbeau 7.1) Mada (Nkoumou) ᵑgàwàk corbeau pie 7.2) Moloko (Friesen) məᵑgahak crow corbeau(esp.) 7.3) Zulgo (Haller) ᵑgaák corbeau m. sp. 7.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) ᵑgaʼak crow corbeau 7.5) Merey (Gravina) maᵑgəhak crow corbeau 7.6) Dugwor (Jubumna) məᵑgahak crow corbeau 7.7) Mofu North (Barreteau) máᵑgə̀hák corbeau 7.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ᵑgaak ᵑgaak cri du Corbeau pie 7.8.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) maᵑgahak Corbeau pie

8Proto-Maroua gahak crow corbeau 8.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) məgahak crow corbeau 8.2) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) maga̧ga̧k, magakgak (magaᵑgaŋ) corbeau-corneille d'Afrique (237)

9Proto-Kotoko North *hagɨ crow corbeau 9.1) Afade (Allison) hagɨ crow corbeau 9.2) Malgbe (Allison) hagɨ crow corbeau 9.3) Mpade (Allison) hagɨ crow corbeau

10Proto-Kotoko Centre *nɣakɨ crow corbeau 10.1) Mser (Allison) ᵑgaɣɨ crow corbeau 10.2) Lagwan (Allison) nɣakɨ crow corbeau

11Proto-Gidar gaᵑgraka crow corbeau 11.1) Gidar (Hungerford) gaᵑgraka corbeau

12Kanuri ᵑgágə /// ᵑgɑ́gә̀ crow corbeau
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ᵑgʷɨs nf. woman femme (5 groups, 17 languages) C
This word covers the senses 'woman' and 'wife'. The final *s has the irregular reflex *z in Proto-Mafa. *ᵑgʷ has the unestablished reflexes *kʷ in Proto-Mandara, and *k in part of the Mofu group. It has been reanalysed as *n with a possible labialisation prosody in Proto-Tera, if indeed the Proto-Tera form is cognate.

1Proto-Mafa *ᵑgʷaz woman femme 1.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) ŋgʷaz woman femme 1.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ŋgʷaz woman femme 1.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) ŋgʷaz wife épouse

2Proto-Tera *nuʃu woman femme 2.1) Tera (Newman) nuʃu woman 2.1.1) Tera (Newman) nuʃuku women, woman (plural) 2.2) Nyimatli (Harley) nusu woman 2.2.1) Nyimatli (Harley) Nusu woman 2.2.2) Nyimatli (Harley) nokhzi wife 2.2.3) Nyimatli (Harley) nokhzi female

3Proto-Mandara *kʷɨsɨ woman femme 3.1) Matal (Branger) mi᷆ʃ woman femme 3.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) nəsá,-ə 1 femme 3.2.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) nəsá,-ə 2 femelle 3.3) Malgwa (Löhr) mukse woman, female 3.4) Glavda (Owens) uu woman 3.4.1) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ùːsa wife 3.4.2) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ùːsa woman 3.5) Dghwede (Frick) niʃe wife

4Proto-Mofu *ᵑgʷas, mɨkɨs woman femme 4.1) Zulgo (Haller) mə̀kə́s femme f., épouse f. 4.2) Gemzek (Sabatai) məkas woman femme 4.2.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) məkas wife femme, épouse 4.3) Merey (Gravina) ŋgʷas woman femme 4.4) Dugwor (Jubumna) ŋgʷos wife femme, épouse 4.4.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) ŋgʷos woman femme 4.5) Mofu North (Barreteau) ŋgʷàs femme 4.5.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) ŋgʷàs epoàuse 4.6) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ŋgʷas wife femme, épouse 4.6.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) maᵑgusa femelle, femme

5Proto-Maroua *ᵑgʷas woman femme 5.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) gʷas woman femme 5.1.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) gʷas wife femme, épouse 5.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) ᵑgas femme 5.2.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) ᵑgǎsā woman femme
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ᵑgʷɨts ʸ n. hair cheveux (5 groups, 17 languages) C syn: sɨᵐbɨti ʸ.
This is one of the few roots that contain *ᵑgʷ. The root is only attested in five groups, but these cover a wide area, possibly indicating a good time depth. The *ts has the irregular reflexes *s in Proto-Tera and *dz in Proto-Mandara.

1Proto-Mafa *ᵑgʷatsɨ hair cheveux 1.1) Mafa (Barreteau) gʷátsə géɗ cheveux 1.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ŋgʷetʃ ta jaŋ hair (of head) cheveux (de tête)

2Proto-Tera *ɣʷasi hair cheveux 2.1) Tera (Newman) ɣos hair (of head); hair (of body); feather 2.2) Nyimatli (Harley) ɣosi djin hair (of head) 2.3) Gaʼanda (Gwaji) weeʃa hair

3Proto-Mandara *gʷɨdzɨ ʸ hair cheveux 3.1) Matal (Branger) aŋidz, aŋidʒ hair cheveux 3.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ᵑgutsa,-ə cheveux 3.3) Malgwa (Löhr) ugdʒe hair 3.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) gùd͡ʒa hair (of head) 3.5) Dghwede (Frick) guⁿdza hair

4Proto-Mofu *aᵑgʷɨts ʸ hair cheveux 4.1) Muyang (Smith) eŋɡʉtʃ hair on body, fur, feathers 4.2) Gemzek (Sabatai) aᵑgʉz hair poil 4.3) Merey (Gravina) məkʷes cheveux 4.4) Dugwor (Jubumna) aŋgʷetʃ hair (of head) cheveux (de tête) 4.5) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) éŋgʷetʃ poils, cheveux, chevelure, crinière

5Proto-Maroua *ᵑgʷɨtsɨ ʸ hair cheveux 5.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ngʷitʃi poil, cheveux 5.2) Mbazla (SILSurvey) ᵑgùzóʼ hair (on head) cheveux (chevelure)
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