Abbreviations

The abbreviations included in this dictionary are those which are explained in lʼIntroduction à la Phonologie et à la Grammaire Duru (Introduction to Duru Phonology and Grammar), 1971.  We did not include explanations for these abbreviations here since they are covered in the 1971 document mentioned above. The list of abbreviations for this dictionary are included at the bottom of this page.

The following abbreviations, however, were not included in l'Introduction, but have been added after 1971 as the result of research and analysis:

In addition, certain outdated abbreviations needed to be modified or replaced:

the "t" pronouns (time) are divided into fut(ur), passed, or nonfut "non future";

the "réf" pronouns (of reference) are log logophoric;

the "emphft" (for strong emphasis) are fut(ur) emph(atic);

the "rfl" verbs (reflexive) are stv statives/passives.

By necessity, certain modes have been renamed: the "accompli" became factitive perfective, and the "indicative" is now factitive imperfective.  Where we could, we kept the same abbreviations in our document written in English:   A Description of Dii Phonology, Grammar, and Discourse (2010).