zɨᵐbʷiɗ nm. navel nombril (8 groups, 23 languages) B
This root is attested in a wide distribution of languages. In most respects, this root behaves in a regular fashion. The changes *z→s in Proto-Margi and Proto-Kotoko North are regular. *ɗ is lost in many cases (a common sporadic process), and has the regular reflex *r in part of the Higi group. A similar change, followed by an irregular change *r→l would account for the forms in Mafa, Ouldeme and Muyang. The difficulty lies in accounting for the presence of back vowels and labialisation in the Bata, Margi, Higi and Kotoko North groups, since there were no labialised labial phonemes in Proto-Central Chadic. The phoneme *ᵐbʷ was created in the Bata, Margi and Higi groups by the reanalysis of *w as labialisation, or the transfer of the labialisation component from a labialised velar. It is possible that this root is a compound such as *zɨᵐbɨ-hʷiɗ, with *hʷiɗ being the Proto-Central Chadic root for 'belly' and *zɨᵐbɨ being a root of unknown meaning. This would also account for the variation between the presence of the palatalisation prosody and *i in the group-level reconstructions.
1Proto-Bata *zɨᵐbʷɨɗɨ ʸ navel nombril 1.1) Bata (Boyd) sùᵐbuɗe navel 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) ʒəmbʷəɗən Nombil 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) zɨᵐbuɗə nombril
2Proto-Mafa *zɨmal ʸ navel nombril 2.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) zɨmel nombril
3Proto-Margi *sɨᵐbʷɨɗɨw ʸ navel nombril 3.1) Margi South (Harley) ʃəᵐbuɗu navel 3.2) Kilba (Schuh) ʃiᵐbuɗu navel
4Proto-Mandara *zɨᵐbɨ ʸ navel nombril 4.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) ʒɨᵐba,-ə nombril 4.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) ʒaᵐba nombril (m) 4.3) Malgwa (Löhr) ʒaᵐba navel 4.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ʒàm͡ba navel 4.5) Dghwede (Frick) ʒiᵐbe navel
5Proto-Mofu *zɨᵐbal ʸ navel nombril 5.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) zìᵐbèl navel nombril 5.2) Muyang (Smith) zìᵐbèl navel nombril 5.2.1) Muyang (Smith) mezimezim navel nombril
6Proto-Lamang *ziᵐbiɗ navel nombril 6.1) Lamang (Wolff) zaᵐbə navel 6.2) Hdi (Bramlett) ziᵐbiɗ naval le nombril
7Proto-Higi *zʲɨᵐbʷiɗ navel nombril 7.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ʒìmbʷí Navel 7.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ʒembʷi navel 7.3) Kirya (Blench) ʒìᵐbúr navel 7.4) Bana (Lienhard) ʒìᵐbér nombril
8Proto-Kotoko North *saᵐbu navel nombril 8.1) Afade (Allison) tsɨmtsɨm navel nombril 8.2) Mpade (Allison) sàᵐbù belly button nombril 8.2.1) Mpade (Allison) sɨ́msɨ̀m navel nombril 8.3) Malgbe (Allison) sɨmsɨm navel nombril 8.4) Maltam (Allison) sɨmsɨm navel nombril
This root is attested in a wide distribution of languages. In most respects, this root behaves in a regular fashion. The changes *z→s in Proto-Margi and Proto-Kotoko North are regular. *ɗ is lost in many cases (a common sporadic process), and has the regular reflex *r in part of the Higi group. A similar change, followed by an irregular change *r→l would account for the forms in Mafa, Ouldeme and Muyang. The difficulty lies in accounting for the presence of back vowels and labialisation in the Bata, Margi, Higi and Kotoko North groups, since there were no labialised labial phonemes in Proto-Central Chadic. The phoneme *ᵐbʷ was created in the Bata, Margi and Higi groups by the reanalysis of *w as labialisation, or the transfer of the labialisation component from a labialised velar. It is possible that this root is a compound such as *zɨᵐbɨ-hʷiɗ, with *hʷiɗ being the Proto-Central Chadic root for 'belly' and *zɨᵐbɨ being a root of unknown meaning. This would also account for the variation between the presence of the palatalisation prosody and *i in the group-level reconstructions.
1Proto-Bata *zɨᵐbʷɨɗɨ ʸ navel nombril 1.1) Bata (Boyd) sùᵐbuɗe navel 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) ʒəmbʷəɗən Nombil 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) zɨᵐbuɗə nombril
2Proto-Mafa *zɨmal ʸ navel nombril 2.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) zɨmel nombril
3Proto-Margi *sɨᵐbʷɨɗɨw ʸ navel nombril 3.1) Margi South (Harley) ʃəᵐbuɗu navel 3.2) Kilba (Schuh) ʃiᵐbuɗu navel
4Proto-Mandara *zɨᵐbɨ ʸ navel nombril 4.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) ʒɨᵐba,-ə nombril 4.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) ʒaᵐba nombril (m) 4.3) Malgwa (Löhr) ʒaᵐba navel 4.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ʒàm͡ba navel 4.5) Dghwede (Frick) ʒiᵐbe navel
5Proto-Mofu *zɨᵐbal ʸ navel nombril 5.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) zìᵐbèl navel nombril 5.2) Muyang (Smith) zìᵐbèl navel nombril 5.2.1) Muyang (Smith) mezimezim navel nombril
6Proto-Lamang *ziᵐbiɗ navel nombril 6.1) Lamang (Wolff) zaᵐbə navel 6.2) Hdi (Bramlett) ziᵐbiɗ naval le nombril
7Proto-Higi *zʲɨᵐbʷiɗ navel nombril 7.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ʒìmbʷí Navel 7.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ʒembʷi navel 7.3) Kirya (Blench) ʒìᵐbúr navel 7.4) Bana (Lienhard) ʒìᵐbér nombril
8Proto-Kotoko North *saᵐbu navel nombril 8.1) Afade (Allison) tsɨmtsɨm navel nombril 8.2) Mpade (Allison) sàᵐbù belly button nombril 8.2.1) Mpade (Allison) sɨ́msɨ̀m navel nombril 8.3) Malgbe (Allison) sɨmsɨm navel nombril 8.4) Maltam (Allison) sɨmsɨm navel nombril
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