maj₂ nm. mouth bouche (15 groups, 43 languages) A
This is an extremely well-attested root, and is found in all groups except for Kotoko Island, Kotoko North and Kotoko Centre. There was a regular change *m→w word-inital before a vowel in the Wandala and Dghwede subgroups of the Mandara group, and this form has been borrowed by Podoko and Lamang. The *j has been lost in several groups, has combined with *a to produce *e in the Tera and Kotoko South groups, and has been reanalysed as the palatalisation prosody in the Hurza and Maroua groups. All these are common sporadic processes.
1Proto-Bata *ma mouth bouche 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) má (inher. poss. body part) mouth, edge, rim. 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) man Bouche 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) ma bouche 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) ma la bouche
2Proto-Daba *ma mouth bouche 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑ mouth (outside) bouche (extérieur) 2.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑ language langue, language 2.1.2) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑ word parole 2.1.3) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑ problem problème 2.1.4) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑ issue question 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) mɑ mouth (outside) bouche (extérieur) 2.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) mɑ language langue 2.2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) mɑ speech discours 2.2.3) Gavar (Viljoen) mɑ issue problème 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ma mouth bouche 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) mà la bouche, les mots, le langage, la parole
3Proto-Mafa *ma mouth bouche 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ma bouche 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ma mouth bouche
4Proto-Tera *me mouth bouche 4.1) Tera (Newman) me mouth 4.2) Nyimatli (Harley) me mouth
5Proto-Sukur *ŋʷɨ mouth bouche 5.1) Sukur (Thomas) ŋʷu mouth
6Proto-Hurza *ma ʸ, ʔam mouth bouche 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ʼam mouth bouche 6.2) Vame (Kinnaird) mé 1 language ; mouth ; word langue ; bouche ; parole 6.2.1) Vame (Kinnaird) mé 2 beak bec
7Proto-Margi *mja mouth bouche 7.1) Bura (Blench) mja Mouth 7.2) Margi South (Harley) mija mouth 7.2.1) Margi South (Harley) mja mouth 7.3) Kilba (Schuh) nja/a mouth
8Proto-Mandara *wa mouth bouche 8.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) wa,-a bouche 8.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) we bouche (f) 8.3) Malgwa (Löhr) we mouth 8.4) Dghwede (Frick) wuwe mouth
9Proto-Mofu *maj mouth bouche 9.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) mà mouth bouche 9.1.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) mà opening ouverture 9.2) Muyang (Smith) mɑ mouth ; face ; shape bouche; visage; forme 9.2.1) Muyang (Smith) mɑ entrance ; door entrée; porte 9.2.2) Muyang (Smith) mɑ word ; matter ; language mot; parole; langue 9.2.3) Muyang (Smith) mɑ front devant 9.3) Mada (Nkoumou) mámma bouche 9.4) Moloko (Friesen) ma mouth bouche 9.4.1) Moloko (Friesen) ma language langue 9.4.2) Moloko (Friesen) ma word parole 9.4.3) Moloko (Friesen) ma beak bec 9.5) Zulgo (Haller) àhəm langue f., langage m. 9.5.1) Zulgo (Haller) àhəm parole f. 9.6) Merey (Gravina) me bouche 9.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) mej mouth bouche 9.7.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) mej word mot, parole 9.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj bouche,gueule, bec 9.8.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj bord, bout, extreminité, entrée 9.8.2) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj devant, début, avant 9.8.3) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj parole, langue, langage 9.8.4) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj affaire, palabre 9.8.5) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj bouche 9.8.6) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj parole 9.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) méj mouth bouche, lèvre ; gueule ; bec 9.9.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) méj word parole, langue, langage 9.9.2) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) méj opening bord, bout, extrémité, entrée 9.9.3) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) méj devant, début, avant 9.9.4) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) méj affaires, palabre
10Proto-Maroua *ma ʸ mouth bouche 10.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) me mouth bouche 10.2) Mbazla (SILSurvey) meʼ mouth bouche 10.2.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) me bouche
11Proto-Lamang *waj mouth bouche 11.1) Lamang (Wolff) éwé mouth
12Proto-Higi *mi mouth bouche 12.1) Kirya (Blench) mí mouth 12.2) Bana (Lienhard) mí bouche
13Proto-Kotoko South *me mouth bouche 13.1) Zina (Odden) mì mouth bouche 13.2) Mazera (Allison) me mouth bouche
14Proto-Musgum *maj mouth bouche 14.1) Vulum (Tourneux) meŋ bouche 14.2) Mulwi (Tourneux) meᵑg bouche 14.3) Mbara (Tourneux) maj mouth bouche 14.4) Muskum (Tourneux) mut bouche
15Proto-Gidar *ma mouth bouche 15.1) Gidar (Schuh) ma, a bouche 15.2) Gidar (Hungerford) maʼ bouche
This is an extremely well-attested root, and is found in all groups except for Kotoko Island, Kotoko North and Kotoko Centre. There was a regular change *m→w word-inital before a vowel in the Wandala and Dghwede subgroups of the Mandara group, and this form has been borrowed by Podoko and Lamang. The *j has been lost in several groups, has combined with *a to produce *e in the Tera and Kotoko South groups, and has been reanalysed as the palatalisation prosody in the Hurza and Maroua groups. All these are common sporadic processes.
1Proto-Bata *ma mouth bouche 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) má (inher. poss. body part) mouth, edge, rim. 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) man Bouche 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) ma bouche 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) ma la bouche
2Proto-Daba *ma mouth bouche 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑ mouth (outside) bouche (extérieur) 2.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑ language langue, language 2.1.2) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑ word parole 2.1.3) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑ problem problème 2.1.4) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑ issue question 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) mɑ mouth (outside) bouche (extérieur) 2.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) mɑ language langue 2.2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) mɑ speech discours 2.2.3) Gavar (Viljoen) mɑ issue problème 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ma mouth bouche 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) mà la bouche, les mots, le langage, la parole
3Proto-Mafa *ma mouth bouche 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ma bouche 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ma mouth bouche
4Proto-Tera *me mouth bouche 4.1) Tera (Newman) me mouth 4.2) Nyimatli (Harley) me mouth
5Proto-Sukur *ŋʷɨ mouth bouche 5.1) Sukur (Thomas) ŋʷu mouth
6Proto-Hurza *ma ʸ, ʔam mouth bouche 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ʼam mouth bouche 6.2) Vame (Kinnaird) mé 1 language ; mouth ; word langue ; bouche ; parole 6.2.1) Vame (Kinnaird) mé 2 beak bec
7Proto-Margi *mja mouth bouche 7.1) Bura (Blench) mja Mouth 7.2) Margi South (Harley) mija mouth 7.2.1) Margi South (Harley) mja mouth 7.3) Kilba (Schuh) nja/a mouth
8Proto-Mandara *wa mouth bouche 8.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) wa,-a bouche 8.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) we bouche (f) 8.3) Malgwa (Löhr) we mouth 8.4) Dghwede (Frick) wuwe mouth
9Proto-Mofu *maj mouth bouche 9.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) mà mouth bouche 9.1.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) mà opening ouverture 9.2) Muyang (Smith) mɑ mouth ; face ; shape bouche; visage; forme 9.2.1) Muyang (Smith) mɑ entrance ; door entrée; porte 9.2.2) Muyang (Smith) mɑ word ; matter ; language mot; parole; langue 9.2.3) Muyang (Smith) mɑ front devant 9.3) Mada (Nkoumou) mámma bouche 9.4) Moloko (Friesen) ma mouth bouche 9.4.1) Moloko (Friesen) ma language langue 9.4.2) Moloko (Friesen) ma word parole 9.4.3) Moloko (Friesen) ma beak bec 9.5) Zulgo (Haller) àhəm langue f., langage m. 9.5.1) Zulgo (Haller) àhəm parole f. 9.6) Merey (Gravina) me bouche 9.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) mej mouth bouche 9.7.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) mej word mot, parole 9.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj bouche,gueule, bec 9.8.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj bord, bout, extreminité, entrée 9.8.2) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj devant, début, avant 9.8.3) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj parole, langue, langage 9.8.4) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj affaire, palabre 9.8.5) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj bouche 9.8.6) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj parole 9.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) méj mouth bouche, lèvre ; gueule ; bec 9.9.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) méj word parole, langue, langage 9.9.2) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) méj opening bord, bout, extrémité, entrée 9.9.3) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) méj devant, début, avant 9.9.4) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) méj affaires, palabre
10Proto-Maroua *ma ʸ mouth bouche 10.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) me mouth bouche 10.2) Mbazla (SILSurvey) meʼ mouth bouche 10.2.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) me bouche
11Proto-Lamang *waj mouth bouche 11.1) Lamang (Wolff) éwé mouth
12Proto-Higi *mi mouth bouche 12.1) Kirya (Blench) mí mouth 12.2) Bana (Lienhard) mí bouche
13Proto-Kotoko South *me mouth bouche 13.1) Zina (Odden) mì mouth bouche 13.2) Mazera (Allison) me mouth bouche
14Proto-Musgum *maj mouth bouche 14.1) Vulum (Tourneux) meŋ bouche 14.2) Mulwi (Tourneux) meᵑg bouche 14.3) Mbara (Tourneux) maj mouth bouche 14.4) Muskum (Tourneux) mut bouche
15Proto-Gidar *ma mouth bouche 15.1) Gidar (Schuh) ma, a bouche 15.2) Gidar (Hungerford) maʼ bouche
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