Search results for "hʷiɗ"

hʷiɗ n. stomach ventre (9 groups, 29 languages) B
The basic sense of this root is the interior of the belly, i.e. the lower part of the abdomen, and in particular the stomach. In some languages the word is used in prepositional constructions to mean 'inside something'. The *hʷ is retained in most groups, but has the reflex *w in Proto-Maroua, Proto-Musgum and Dugwor, which is a common sporadic change. The *ɗ has the reflex *r in Ga'anda, Mbazla and Proto-Musgum, which is an unestablished change. This is also a regular change word-finally for several Higi group languages, as is the loss of final consonants.The *i is reconstructed from the evidence from Proto-Tera, Proto-Lamang and Proto-Higi.

1Proto-Mafa *hʷaɗ belly ventre 1.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) hʷaɗ ventre 1.2) Cuvok (Gravina) hʷaɗ abdomen (external) estomac, abdomen (externe) 1.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) ɬam da hʷaɗ stomach (internal) ventre (interne)

2Proto-Tera *hʷira belly ventre 2.1) Gaʼanda (Gwaji) hʷira stomach

3Proto-Sukur *hʷɨɗ belly ventre 3.1) Sukur (David) ɣuɗ belly 3.2) Sukur (Thomas) huɗ stomach; belly:- some body with a big stomack either man or woman.

4Proto-Mandara *hʷɨɗɨ belly ventre 4.1) Matal (Branger) hʷəɗ belly ventre 4.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) huɗa,-ə 1 ventre 4.2.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) huɗa,-ə 2 intérieur 4.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) huɗe ventre (m), intérieur (m), entrailles (f. pl.) 4.4) Malgwa (Löhr) huɗe stomach 4.5) Glavda (Nghagyiva) xùɗa stomach (internal) 4.5.1) Glavda (Owens) xʷə́d belly 4.6) Dghwede (Frick) xʷtʼe belly

5Proto-Mofu *hʷɨɗ belly ventre 5.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) huraɗ stomach ventre 5.2) Muyang (Smith) huɗ belly ; interior ; underide ventre; dessous 5.3) Mada (Nkoumou) hoɗ ventre (interne) 5.3.1) Mada (Nkoumou) hoɗ ventre (interne) 5.4) Moloko (Friesen) hoɗ stomach ventre 5.5) Zulgo (Haller) huɗ ventre m. 5.5.1) Zulgo (Haller) húɗ ventre m. 5.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) huɗ sein 5.6.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) hoɗ le sein 5.7) Merey (Gravina) huɗ ventre 5.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) waɗ stomach (internal) ventre (interne) 5.8.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) waɗ (təseve) abdomen (external) estomac, abdomen (externe) 5.9) Mofu North (Barreteau) hʷāɗ ventre 5.9.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) hʷaɗ ventre 5.10) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) hʷaɗ stomach ventre 5.10.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) hʷaɗ intérieur, centre

6Proto-Maroua *wuru belly ventre 6.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) wuru ventre 6.1.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) àwúrù belly ventre

7Proto-Lamang *huɗi belly ventre 7.1) Lamang (Wolff) xúɗí belly, inside 7.2) Hdi (Bramlett) huɗi abdomen le ventre

8Proto-Higi *hʷiɗ belly ventre 8.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) hʷí stomach 8.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) hʷi stomach (internal) 8.3) Kirya (Blench) hʷúr stomach 8.4) Bana (Lienhard) xʷə́r ventre, grossesse

9Proto-Musgum *war belly ventre 9.1) Vulum (Tourneux) war ventre 9.2) Mbara (Tourneux) war belly
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zɨᵐbʷiɗ nm. navel nombril (8 groups, 23 languages) B
This root is attested in a wide distribution of languages. In most respects, this root behaves in a regular fashion. The changes *z→s in Proto-Margi and Proto-Kotoko North are regular. *ɗ is lost in many cases (a common sporadic process), and has the regular reflex *r in part of the Higi group. A similar change, followed by an irregular change *r→l would account for the forms in Mafa, Ouldeme and Muyang. The difficulty lies in accounting for the presence of back vowels and labialisation in the Bata, Margi, Higi and Kotoko North groups, since there were no labialised labial phonemes in Proto-Central Chadic. The phoneme *ᵐbʷ was created in the Bata, Margi and Higi groups by the reanalysis of *w as labialisation, or the transfer of the labialisation component from a labialised velar. It is possible that this root is a compound such as *zɨᵐbɨ-hʷiɗ, with *hʷiɗ being the Proto-Central Chadic root for 'belly' and *zɨᵐbɨ being a root of unknown meaning. This would also account for the variation between the presence of the palatalisation prosody and *i in the group-level reconstructions.

1Proto-Bata *zɨᵐbʷɨɗɨ ʸ navel nombril 1.1) Bata (Boyd) sùᵐbuɗe navel 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) ʒəmbʷəɗən Nombil 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) zɨᵐbuɗə nombril

2Proto-Mafa *zɨmal ʸ navel nombril 2.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) zɨmel nombril

3Proto-Margi *sɨᵐbʷɨɗɨw ʸ navel nombril 3.1) Margi South (Harley) ʃəᵐbuɗu navel 3.2) Kilba (Schuh) ʃiᵐbuɗu navel

4Proto-Mandara *zɨᵐbɨ ʸ navel nombril 4.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) ʒɨᵐba,-ə nombril 4.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) ʒaᵐba nombril (m) 4.3) Malgwa (Löhr) ʒaᵐba navel 4.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ʒàm͡ba navel 4.5) Dghwede (Frick) ʒiᵐbe navel

5Proto-Mofu *zɨᵐbal ʸ navel nombril 5.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) zìᵐbèl navel nombril 5.2) Muyang (Smith) zìᵐbèl navel nombril 5.2.1) Muyang (Smith) mezimezim navel nombril

6Proto-Lamang *ziᵐbiɗ navel nombril 6.1) Lamang (Wolff) zaᵐbə navel 6.2) Hdi (Bramlett) ziᵐbiɗ naval le nombril

7Proto-Higi *zʲɨᵐbʷiɗ navel nombril 7.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ʒìmbʷí Navel 7.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ʒembʷi navel 7.3) Kirya (Blench) ʒìᵐbúr navel 7.4) Bana (Lienhard) ʒìᵐbér nombril

8Proto-Kotoko North *saᵐbu navel nombril 8.1) Afade (Allison) tsɨmtsɨm navel nombril 8.2) Mpade (Allison) sàᵐbù belly button nombril 8.2.1) Mpade (Allison) sɨ́msɨ̀m navel nombril 8.3) Malgbe (Allison) sɨmsɨm navel nombril 8.4) Maltam (Allison) sɨmsɨm navel nombril
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