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ɬɨmɨɗ ʸ₁ nm. name nom (12 groups, 23 languages) A cf: ɬɨmɨɗ ʸ₂.
This root is reconstructed to be identical with the root for 'ear', though the reflexes in individual languages may differ. It is not known if the two words are in fact two senses of the same word. *ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the languages of the South sub-branch, and other regular reflexes in individual languages. The final *ɗ has the reflex *j in several groups due to the effect of palatalisation.
1Proto-Daba *ɮɨm name nom 1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ɮɑm name nom 1.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ɮəm name nom
2Proto-Mafa *ɮɨᵐbaɗ name nom 2.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ńɮəᵐbáɗ nom
3Proto-Tera *ɮɨm name nom 3.1) Nyimatli (Harley) ɮu̱m name
4Proto-Hurza *ɬɨmaj name nom 4.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ɬəmaj name nom
5Proto-Margi *ɬim name nom 5.1) Bura (Blench) ɬim Name 5.2) Kilba (Schuh) ɬəm name
6Proto-Mandara *ɬɨm name nom 6.1) Matal (Branger) ɬəm name nom
7Proto-Mofu *ɬɨmɨj name nom 7.1) Muyang (Smith) ɬimi ear ; name oreille; nom 7.2) Mada (Nkoumou) ɬme nom 7.3) Moloko (Friesen) ɬəmaj ear oreille 7.3.1) Moloko (Friesen) ɬəmaj name nom 7.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) ɮam name nom 7.5) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɮam name nom
8Proto-Maroua *ɬɨmaɗ ʸ name nom 8.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) ɬimeɗ name nom 8.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) ɬəmaj nom 8.2.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) sə̀máí name nom
9Proto-Kotoko North *ɬɨm name nom 9.1) Afade (Allison) ɬɨm; ɬɨm sewe; ɬɨm a tse name nom 9.2) Mpade (Allison) ʃímù name nom 9.3) Malgbe (Allison) ɬɨm name nom 9.4) Maltam (Allison) ɬɨm sɨ wawun; ɬɨm sɨ hili (mawe / grɨm) name nom
10Proto-Kotoko Centre *ɬɨmi name nom 10.1) Lagwan (Allison) ɬɨmi; ɬɨmi a bɨlam name nom 10.2) Mser (Allison) sɨm name nom
11Proto-Kotoko South *sɨma ʸ name nom 11.1) Zina (Odden) sə̀m name nom 11.2) Mazera (Allison) sime name nom
12Proto-Musgum *ɬɨm ʸ name nom 12.1) Mbara (Tourneux) ɬim name
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ɬɨn v. send envoyer (12 groups, 24 languages) A
The basic sense is to send someone to do something. The initial *ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the languages of the South sub-branch, along with other regular reflexes in individual languages and groups. The *n has the regular reflex *r in the Mandara and Mofu groups. However, the final /n/ in Bura is expected to be /r/, and in Cuvok /n/ is expected where /r/ is found. The /l/ in Matal is the result of a subsequent regular change *r→l. In Lagwan and Mser there may be two similar roots *ɬɨn and *ɬʼɨm. The second of these, which is also given for Mpade, may not be cognate. The Bura word contains the vowel /e/, which is not part of the core phonemic inventory.
1Proto-Daba *ɮɨn send envoyer 1.1) Gavar (Viljoen) ɮən send envoyer 1.2) Daba (Lienhard) ɮə̄n envoyer
2Proto-Mafa *ɮɨn send envoyer 2.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ɮiᵑgd envoyer 2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ɮəra send (something to someone) envoyer (qqch à qqun) 2.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) ɮar ⁿda send (someone to do something) envoyer en commission
3Proto-Hurza *ɬɨn send envoyer 3.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ɬan send envoyer 3.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ɬə́nā send envoyer
4Proto-Margi *ɬen send envoyer 4.1) Bura (Blench) ɬenta To send (BR) Preferably hlenta 4.1.1) Bura (Blench) hjenta To send; to cause to go
5Proto-Mandara *ɬɨr send envoyer 5.1) Matal (Branger) màɬə̀lāj send envoyer
6Proto-Mofu *ɬɨr send envoyer 6.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ɬə̄r send envoyer 6.2) Mada (Nkoumou) maɬla envoyer en mission 6.3) Moloko (Friesen) ɬar send envoyer 6.4) Zulgo (Haller) ɬə́r envoyer, déléguer 6.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) meɬəre send (something to someone) envoyer (qqch à qqun) 6.6) Merey (Gravina) ɬər send envoyer 6.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) məɬərej send (someone to do something) envoyer en commission 6.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɬər envoyer qqn, charger d'une commission, commissionner, rendre service
7Proto-Maroua *ɬɨn send envoyer 7.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ɬin envoyer 7.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) ɬəŋne send (someone to do something) envoyer en commission
8Proto-Kotoko North *tsʼam send envoyer 8.1) Mpade (Allison) tʃʼàm send (s.o. to do sth.) envoyer en commission
9Proto-Kotoko Centre *ɬɨn send envoyer 9.1) Lagwan (Allison) ɬɨ (ni) send (s.o. to do sth.) envoyer en commission 9.1.1) Lagwan (Allison) ɬʼɨmwun; ɬʼɨm send (s.o. to do sth.) envoyer en commission 9.2) Mser (Allison) sɨn (bɨlam) send (s.o. to do sth.) envoyer en commission 9.2.1) Mser (Allison) sʼam (ni) send (sth. to s.o.) envoyer (qqch à qqn)
10Proto-Kotoko South *sɨne send envoyer 10.1) Mazera (Allison) sɨne send (sth. to s.o.) envoyer (qqch à qqn) 10.1.1) Mazera (Allison) sɨne send (s.o. to do sth.) envoyer en commission
11Proto-Musgum *ɬɨnɨ ʸ send envoyer 11.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) ɬini envoyer
12Proto-Gidar *ɬɨna send envoyer 12.1) Gidar (Hungerford) wəɬəna envoyer
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ɬɨrɨgi nf. root racine (11 groups, 31 languages) C
This root presents some difficulties in its reconstruction. The *ɬ is expected to have the reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch, but this is not the case in any of the South groups (Bata, Daba, Mafa, Sukur). In the Bata group, there should also have been a subsequent change *ɮ→l in most languages, and this has not taken place. However, the regular change *r→l in the North sub-branch has taken place with a good degree of consistency. The *g has the unestablished reflexes /k/, /h/, /ᵑg/, /ŋ/ and /j/. In the Daba, Mafa and Maroua groups, and in some Mofu group languages, there is reduplication of the *ɬ. This is normally a sign that an initial consonant such as *h has been lost, but there is no direct evidence for such an initial consonant.
1Proto-Bata *ɬɨrɨgi root racine 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) lhə́rə̀gínə root(s) 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) ɬərəgin Racines 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) ɬjərjəgi racine 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) ɬere la racine
2Proto-Daba *ɬaɬalaj root racine 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ɬɑɬɑlɑj root racine
3Proto-Mafa *ɬaɬaraj root racine 3.1) Cuvok (Gravina) ɬaɬalaj root racine
4Proto-Sukur *ɬɨj root racine 4.1) Sukur (David) ɬi root 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) ɬəi root:- the part of a plant that grows under the ground and absorbs water and minerals that is send to the rest of the plant.
5Proto-Hurza *ɬɨlɨkaj root racine 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ɬəlaj root racine 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ɬə̄lkē root racine
6Proto-Mandara *ɬalɨh root racine 6.1) Matal (Branger) ɬⁱ̄lɪ̀h root racine 6.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) ɬalwe racine (f) 6.3) Malgwa (Löhr) thlalawe root 6.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ɬàlīja root 6.5) Dghwede (Frick) ɬəla root
7Proto-Mofu *ɬɨlaj root racine 7.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ɬìkìlì root racine 7.2) Moloko (Friesen) ɬəlaj root racine 7.3) Zulgo (Haller) ɮílé racine f. 7.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) ɮəle racine 7.5) Merey (Gravina) ɮəlaj root racine 7.6) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɮəɮəlaj root racine 7.7) Mofu North (Barreteau) ɬə́fáj root racine 7.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɬaɬalaj racine ; (sens fig.) fils, richesse
8Proto-Maroua *ɬaɬalaki root racine 8.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ɬaɬalak(a) daᵐbaɬa (Mj) racine d'arbre, remède (Mv: slaslak= dambasla: écorce de racine, racine. Mj slaslalak= racine d'un arbre sec 8.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) ɬaɬalak root racine 8.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) ʃilki, tʃelki racine 8.3.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) hìlíkiʼ root racine
9Proto-Lamang *ɬɨrɨŋ root racine 9.1) Hdi (Bramlett) ɬərəŋ root la racine
10Proto-Higi *ɬɨlɨᵑgɨ root racine 10.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) thlərəna root 10.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) thərna root 10.2) Kirya (Blench) ɬìrᵑgá root 10.3) Psikye (Angelo) ɬúgú root 10.4) Bana (Lienhard) xjílílìŋ(ə) racine
11Proto-Gidar *ɬalwaja root racine 11.1) Gidar (Hungerford) ɬalwaja racine
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ɬɨwɨɗ ʸ nm. meat viande (16 groups, 43 languages) A
This is one of the most widely attested roots. The initial *ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch, and the other reflexes are regular. The palatalisation prosody is present in many of the groups. In some groups it has combined with *ɗ, resulting in *j. In Mandara and Malgwa the *ɬ has been palatised and then moved to the velar position, resulting *hʲ, which is a regular process. In Matal and Podoko the *w and *d have fused, resulting in /ɓ/, and in Hdi the same phonemes have resulted in /ʔʷ/. These are both common sporadic processes.
1Proto-Bata *ɮɨwɨ ʸ meat viande 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) lə̀wá -ə meat, wild animal 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) liwən Viande 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) liwə Viande 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) ɮiwe la viande
2Proto-Daba *ɮɨj ʸ meat viande 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ɮej flesh chair 2.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ɮej meat viande 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ɮi meat viande 2.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) ɮi flesh chair 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ɮi meat viande
3Proto-Mafa *ɮɨwaɗ ʸ meat viande 3.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) ɮuweɗ meat viande 3.1.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ɮúwéɗ viande 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ɬaw meat viande
4Proto-Tera *ɮu meat viande 4.1) Tera (Newman) ɮu meat 4.2) Nyimatli (Harley) ɮu meat
5Proto-Sukur *ɮɨwɨɗ ʸ meat viande 5.1) Sukur (David) ɬuwij meat 5.2) Sukur (Thomas) ɮui meat; is the general term for meat; the flesh of an animals or a birds eating as food.
6Proto-Hurza *ɬɨwaɗ ʸ meat viande 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ɬuweɗ meat viande 6.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ɬūwé meat viande
7Proto-Mandara *ɬɨwɨɗ ʸ meat viande 7.1) Matal (Branger) ɬəb meat viande 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ɬəɓa,-ə viande 7.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) hjua viande (f) 7.4) Malgwa (Löhr) hjuwa meat, flesh 7.5) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ɬùwa meat 7.5.1) Glavda (Owens) ł meat
8Proto-Mofu *ɬɨw meat viande 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ɬū meat viande 8.2) Muyang (Smith) ɑɬu flesh ; meat viande; chaire 8.3) Mada (Nkoumou) osɬo viande 8.4) Zulgo (Haller) ɬú viande f. 8.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) ɬo meat viande 8.6) Merey (Gravina) ɬaw viande 8.6.1) Merey (Gravina) ɮaw meat viande 8.6.2) Merey (Gravina) ɬo viande 8.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɬaw meat viande 8.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) ɬàw viande 8.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) aɬaw meat viande, chair animale (viande ou poisson)
9Proto-Lamang *ɬɨʔʷi meat viande 9.1) Lamang (Wolff) ɬùw meat 9.2) Hdi (Bramlett) ɬuʼi meat la viande
10Proto-Higi *ɬɨj meat viande 10.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ɬji meat; flesh 10.2) Kirya (Blench) ɬè meat 10.3) Psikye (Angelo) ɬi meat
11Proto-Kotoko Island *hu meat viande 11.1) Buduma (McKone) xù meat viande
12Proto-Kotoko North *ɬɨw meat viande 12.1) Mpade (Allison) ʃú meat viande 12.2) Malgbe (Allison) ɬu meat viande
13Proto-Kotoko Centre *ɬɨw meat viande 13.1) Lagwan (Allison) ɬu meat viande 13.2) Mser (Allison) su meat viande
14Proto-Kotoko South *asu meat viande 14.1) Zina (Odden) àsú meat viande
15Proto-Musgum *ɬɨwɨt meat viande 15.1) Vulum (Tourneux) ɬuk viande 15.2) Mbara (Tourneux) ɬuk meat 15.3) Muskum (Tourneux) ɬuwut viande
16Proto-Gidar *ɬɨwɨ meat viande 16.1) Gidar (Schuh) ɬuwa/0 viande 16.2) Gidar (Hungerford) ɬuwa viande
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ɮaɓaj adj. left gauche (6 groups, 10 languages) A syn: gʷɨla.
This root is one of two well-attested roots for 'left'. There are very few changes that have taken place.
1Proto-Daba *ɮaɓaj left gauche 1.1) Daba (Lienhard) ɮàɓāj ; a̍ ɮāɓáj à gauche
2Proto-Sukur *ɮaɓaj left gauche 2.1) Sukur (David) ri ɮabaj left (hand) 2.2) Sukur (Thomas) ɮaɓai left:- on the left side
3Proto-Mandara *ɮaɓa left gauche 3.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) ɮáɓa,-i main gauche, gaucher 3.1.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) harə́ ɮáɓa main gauche 3.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) naaɮaɓa gauche (f) 3.2.1) Mandara (Fluckiger) naɮaɓa gauche 3.3) Malgwa (Löhr) ərva na dhlaba left-hand 3.3.1) Malgwa (Löhr) nadhlaba left-hand person 3.3.2) Malgwa (Löhr) nathlaɓa left 3.4) Glavda (Owens) ÿa side, left 3.4.1) Glavda (Owens) ÿa side, left 3.4.2) Glavda (Owens) də́vá ÿéβa left hand 3.4.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) dᵊvā ʝáɓa left (direction) 3.5) Dghwede (Frick) dəvə ɮaʔa left (hand)
4Proto-Lamang *ɮaɓa left gauche 4.1) Hdi (Bramlett) ɮaɓa left gauche
5Proto-Higi *ɮeɓi left gauche 5.1) Bana (Lienhard) ɮèɓ(i) gauche
6Proto-Gidar *ɮabaj left gauche 6.1) Gidar (Hungerford) vaaɮabaj (à) gauche
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ɮɨɗɨm num. five cinq (7 groups, 25 languages) B syn: hʷɨtif, ɬensi.
This root is found in the languages of the Mandara Mountains and the Eastern Plains, though not in the Hurza or Daba groups. The initial *ɮ is devoiced in the Musgum and Gidar groups. In Gidar this is a regular change, but it is irregular in Proto-Musgum. *ɗ is reconstructed on the basis of evidence from the Mandara, Maroua, Musgum and Gidar groups. In Proto-Mandara there was a regular change *m→w word-final, but Podoko retains /m/ here. In Mandara, Malgwa, Glavda and Dghwede the *w has fused with *ɗ to form /ɓ/, which is a regular sporadic process. In the Maroua group, the Mbazla data includes /ⁿd/ as an irregular reflex of *ɗ. In the Musgum and Gidar groups, there is /ʔ/ as a reflex of *ɗ which is a common sporadic change. There is no language where *ɗ is retained as /ɗ/, but the evidence justifies the reconstruction of *ɗ. *i is reconstructed in Proto-Mandara and Proto-Maroua. It is possible that *i should be reconstructed for Proto-Central Chadic, but more data would be necessary to justify this.
1Proto-Mafa *ɮam five cinq 1.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ɮám cinq 1.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ɮam five (5) cinq (5)
2Proto-Sukur *ɮam five cinq 2.1) Sukur (David) ɮam five 2.2) Sukur (Thomas) ɮamɮam five:- five for counting things.
3Proto-Mandara *ɮiɗɨm five cinq 3.1) Matal (Branger) əɮu, əɮəw five cinq 3.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ɮama,-ə cinq 3.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) íɮeɓe cinq 3.4) Malgwa (Löhr) iidhləbe five 3.5) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ɮᵊɓa five (5) 3.6) Dghwede (Frick) ɮipʼe five
4Proto-Mofu *ɮɨm five cinq 4.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ɮàm five cinq 4.2) Muyang (Smith) ɮam five cinq 4.3) Mada (Nkoumou) zɮàm, ázɮàmá cinq 4.4) Moloko (Friesen) ɮom five cinq 4.5) Zulgo (Haller) əɮəm cinq 4.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) ɮəm five cinq 4.7) Merey (Gravina) ɮam five (5) cinq (5) 4.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɮam five (5) cinq (5) 4.9) Mofu North (Barreteau) ɮàm (num.) cinq 4.10) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ́ɮam cinq
5Proto-Maroua *ɮiⁿdam five cinq 5.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ɮùm cinq, 5 5.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) ɮom five (5) cinq (5) 5.3) Mbazla (SILSurvey) lǐdāmuʼ five cinq 5.3.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) ɮiⁿdam cinq
6Proto-Musgum *ʔɨɬɨm ʸ five cinq 6.1) Vulum (Tourneux) ɬim cinq 6.2) Mbara (Tourneux) ʼiɬim five
7Proto-Gidar *ɬaʔ ʸ five cinq 7.1) Gidar (Hungerford) ɬeʼ cinq
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ɮɨgʷamɨ ʸ nf. camel chameau (14 groups, 32 languages) A syn: kaligimo, ᵑgʲaluba.
This root has come into Central Chadic from the Berber *alɣʷəm. The change from Berber *l to *ɮ is consistent with a considerable degree of time depth, since it implies that the word was adopted before the creation of *l in Proto-Central Chadic North. This conflicts with evidence from archaeology, which leads to a more recent date for the arrival of the camel in the Central Chadic region. The *ɮ is realised as *l in Proto-Kotoko Island, Proto-Kotoko North and Proto-Musgum, and is devoiced in Proto-Higi and Proto-Gidar. The change in Proto-Gidar is a regular change, but the change is unestablished in the other groups. The evidence for the palatalisation prosody is inconsistent. The prosody is present in Jimi in the Bata group, and in the Hurza and Mofu groups, but is absent in other groups where it would be expected. There is support from the *i in Proto-Tera and Proto-Higi, the *e in Proto-Kotoko Island and Proto-Kotoko North and from some languages in the Mandara group.
1Proto-Bata *ɮɨgʷamɨ ʸ camel chameau 1.1) Bata (Boyd) lùkʷàpto camel 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) ligʷamən Chameau 1.3) Tsuvan (Johnston) ɮəᵑgume le chameau
2Proto-Daba *ɮakama ʷ camel chameau 2.1) Daba (Lienhard) ɮòkòmò le chameau
3Proto-Tera *ɮimox camel chameau 3.1) Nyimatli (Harley) ɮimokh camel
4Proto-Sukur *ɮɨgʷam camel chameau 4.1) Sukur (Thomas) ɮəgʷam camel: is an animal with a long neck and a hump on its back. it is used for carring goods and for ridding.
5Proto-Hurza *ɮɨgʷama ʸ camel chameau 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ɮugʷeme camel (occasional visitor from Chad) chameau (vient rarement de Tchad) 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) áɮə̀gʷèmè camel chameau
6Proto-Margi *ɮɨgʷam camel chameau 6.1) Bura (Blench) likamo Camel 6.2) Margi South (Harley) ɮugʷam camel
7Proto-Mandara *ɮɨgʷamɨ camel chameau 7.1) Matal (Branger) ɮəgʷməj, ɮəgʷmi, ɮugmi camel chameau 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ɮə́gʷama,-ə chameau 7.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) éɮegʷame chameau (m) 7.4) Malgwa (Löhr) ədhlugʷame camel 7.5) Glavda (Nghagyiva) áɮgʷàma camel 7.6) Dghwede (Frick) ɮugʷama camel
8Proto-Mofu *ɮɨgʷama ʸ camel chameau 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) áɮə̀gʷèmè camel chameau 8.2) Muyang (Smith) eɮiɡwemi camel chameau 8.3) Moloko (Friesen) eɮegʷeme camel chameau 8.4) Zulgo (Haller) ɮìgʷìmè chameau m. 8.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) ɮegume camel chameau 8.5.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) ɮugme chameau 8.6) Merey (Gravina) ɮəgʷeme camel chameau 8.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɮegʷeme camel chameau 8.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) ɮèg[ivèmè dromadaire 8.8.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) ɮèg[ivèmè chameau 8.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ́ɬagʷama dromadaire, chameau
9Proto-Maroua *ɮɨgama ʷ camel chameau 9.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ɮogomo (Mt), ɮogomoŋ (Mj), aɮogomoŋ (Mv) dromadaire 9.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) ʼaɮgomo chameau, dromadaire
10Proto-Higi *ɬɨgʷami camel chameau 10.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) thəgʷami camel
11Proto-Kotoko Island *logʷɨme camel chameau 11.1) Buduma (McKone) loguəme; loguəmema camel chameau 11.2) Buduma (McKone) logume chameau.
12Proto-Kotoko North *logome camel chameau 12.1) Malgbe (Allison) logome camel chameau
13Proto-Musgum *lukma camel chameau 13.1) Mbara (Tourneux) lukma dromedary dromadaire, chameau
14Proto-Gidar *ɬagama ʷ camel chameau 14.1) Gidar (Hungerford) ɬogomo chameau
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ɮɨwɨn n. fear peur (6 groups, 16 languages)
The reflexes of this root are largely regular. Word-final *n→r in Proto-Mofu as part of a regular process. There are several examples of the irregular loss of the *n, and an interesting instance of reduplication in Podoko. The *i in Proto-Mandara and Proto-Lamang, and the palatalisation prosody in Proto-Mofu may indicate that the palatalisation prosody should be reconstructed, though the Mafa, Hurza and Maroua data does not give support.
1Proto-Mafa *ɮaw fear peur 1.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ɮáw peur
2Proto-Hurza *ɮɨwan fear peur 2.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ɮawan fear peur 2.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ɮùŋgʷàts fear ; be frightened craindre 2.2.1) Vame (Kinnaird) ɮə̀ᵑgùtsà frighten effrayer
3Proto-Mandara *ɮɨɮɨwi fear peur 3.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) ɮɨ́ɮəwe,-i peur
4Proto-Mofu *ɮɨwɨr ʸ fear peur 4.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ɮə̀ŋàts be afraid craindre 4.2) Mada (Nkoumou) máɮàwàl craindre 4.2.1) Mada (Nkoumou) maɮawa craindre 4.3) Moloko (Friesen) ɮaw fear craindre 4.4) Merey (Gravina) ɮuwer fear (n) crainte 4.5) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɮuwer (be) afraid (avoir) peur 4.6) Mofu North (Barreteau) méɮùrèj craindre 4.6.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) méɮùrèj avoir peur 4.7) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɮúr craindre, avoir peur, effrayer
5Proto-Maroua *ɮɨwɨn fear peur 5.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ɮuwun ti avoir peur, craindre, être angoissé 5.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) ɮuwan fear (n) craindre 5.2.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) ɮuwan (be) afraid (avoir) peur 5.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) ɮaw craindre
6Proto-Lamang *ɮɨwiŋ fear peur 6.1) Lamang (Wolff) ɮuwiŋ fear 6.2) Hdi (Bramlett) ɮəŋ fear la peur 6.2.1) Hdi (Bramlett) ɮəŋaj to fear craindre
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madɨwan n. rat rat (6 groups, 13 languages) A
This root is found in a wide range of languages around the Mandara Mountains. It is expected that there would be a change of word-final *n→r in Proto-Mandara and Proto-Mofu. However this has not taken place, indicating that the root may have been borrowed into these groups form another language such as Mafa.
1Proto-Daba *maⁿdɨwan rat rat 1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑⁿduwɑn rat rat 1.2) Daba (Lienhard) māⁿdə̀wàn le rat palmiste
2Proto-Mafa *madɨwan rat rat 2.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) madəwa rat 2.1.1) Mafa (Barreteau) məduwa rat de Gambie 2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) madwaŋ rat rat
3Proto-Sukur *mɨdwan rat rat 3.1) Sukur (David) mudwan rat, large 3.2) Sukur (Thomas) mədwan rat; a small animal with a long tail, that looks like large mouse usually considered as a pest.
4Proto-Hurza *mɨdɨdɨwan rat rat 4.1) Mbuko (Gravina) mədəduwan rat rat, raton
5Proto-Mandara *madɨwanɨ rat rat 5.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) madə́wana,-ə rat palmiste
6Proto-Mofu *madɨwan rat rat 6.1) Muyang (Smith) mɑdwɑŋ rat 6.2) Moloko (Friesen) mədəwan palm rat rat_palmiste 6.3) Zulgo (Haller) médiwiŋ rat m. 6.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) maduwaŋ rat rat 6.5) Merey (Gravina) maduwaŋ rat rat 6.6) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) maⁿdəwaŋ Rat de Gambie
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maj₂ nm. mouth bouche (15 groups, 43 languages) A
This is an extremely well-attested root, and is found in all groups except for Kotoko Island, Kotoko North and Kotoko Centre. There was a regular change *m→w word-inital before a vowel in the Wandala and Dghwede subgroups of the Mandara group, and this form has been borrowed by Podoko and Lamang. The *j has been lost in several groups, has combined with *a to produce *e in the Tera and Kotoko South groups, and has been reanalysed as the palatalisation prosody in the Hurza and Maroua groups. All these are common sporadic processes.
1Proto-Bata *ma mouth bouche 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) má (inher. poss. body part) mouth, edge, rim. 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) man Bouche 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) ma bouche 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) ma la bouche
2Proto-Daba *ma mouth bouche 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑ mouth (outside) bouche (extérieur) 2.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑ language langue, language 2.1.2) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑ word parole 2.1.3) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑ problem problème 2.1.4) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑ issue question 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) mɑ mouth (outside) bouche (extérieur) 2.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) mɑ language langue 2.2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) mɑ speech discours 2.2.3) Gavar (Viljoen) mɑ issue problème 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ma mouth bouche 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) mà la bouche, les mots, le langage, la parole
3Proto-Mafa *ma mouth bouche 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ma bouche 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ma mouth bouche
4Proto-Tera *me mouth bouche 4.1) Tera (Newman) me mouth 4.2) Nyimatli (Harley) me mouth
5Proto-Sukur *ŋʷɨ mouth bouche 5.1) Sukur (Thomas) ŋʷu mouth
6Proto-Hurza *ma ʸ, ʔam mouth bouche 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ʼam mouth bouche 6.2) Vame (Kinnaird) mé 1 language ; mouth ; word langue ; bouche ; parole 6.2.1) Vame (Kinnaird) mé 2 beak bec
7Proto-Margi *mja mouth bouche 7.1) Bura (Blench) mja Mouth 7.2) Margi South (Harley) mija mouth 7.2.1) Margi South (Harley) mja mouth 7.3) Kilba (Schuh) nja/a mouth
8Proto-Mandara *wa mouth bouche 8.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) wa,-a bouche 8.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) we bouche (f) 8.3) Malgwa (Löhr) we mouth 8.4) Dghwede (Frick) wuwe mouth
9Proto-Mofu *maj mouth bouche 9.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) mà mouth bouche 9.1.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) mà opening ouverture 9.2) Muyang (Smith) mɑ mouth ; face ; shape bouche; visage; forme 9.2.1) Muyang (Smith) mɑ entrance ; door entrée; porte 9.2.2) Muyang (Smith) mɑ word ; matter ; language mot; parole; langue 9.2.3) Muyang (Smith) mɑ front devant 9.3) Mada (Nkoumou) mámma bouche 9.4) Moloko (Friesen) ma mouth bouche 9.4.1) Moloko (Friesen) ma language langue 9.4.2) Moloko (Friesen) ma word parole 9.4.3) Moloko (Friesen) ma beak bec 9.5) Zulgo (Haller) àhəm langue f., langage m. 9.5.1) Zulgo (Haller) àhəm parole f. 9.6) Merey (Gravina) me bouche 9.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) mej mouth bouche 9.7.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) mej word mot, parole 9.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj bouche,gueule, bec 9.8.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj bord, bout, extreminité, entrée 9.8.2) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj devant, début, avant 9.8.3) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj parole, langue, langage 9.8.4) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj affaire, palabre 9.8.5) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj bouche 9.8.6) Mofu North (Barreteau) méj parole 9.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) méj mouth bouche, lèvre ; gueule ; bec 9.9.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) méj word parole, langue, langage 9.9.2) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) méj opening bord, bout, extrémité, entrée 9.9.3) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) méj devant, début, avant 9.9.4) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) méj affaires, palabre
10Proto-Maroua *ma ʸ mouth bouche 10.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) me mouth bouche 10.2) Mbazla (SILSurvey) meʼ mouth bouche 10.2.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) me bouche
11Proto-Lamang *waj mouth bouche 11.1) Lamang (Wolff) éwé mouth
12Proto-Higi *mi mouth bouche 12.1) Kirya (Blench) mí mouth 12.2) Bana (Lienhard) mí bouche
13Proto-Kotoko South *me mouth bouche 13.1) Zina (Odden) mì mouth bouche 13.2) Mazera (Allison) me mouth bouche
14Proto-Musgum *maj mouth bouche 14.1) Vulum (Tourneux) meŋ bouche 14.2) Mulwi (Tourneux) meᵑg bouche 14.3) Mbara (Tourneux) maj mouth bouche 14.4) Muskum (Tourneux) mut bouche
15Proto-Gidar *ma mouth bouche 15.1) Gidar (Schuh) ma, a bouche 15.2) Gidar (Hungerford) maʼ bouche
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maj₁ nm. hunger faim (13 groups, 35 languages) A
This extremely well-attested root has the same form as the root for 'mouth', and was probably originally an extended sense of the same root. The basic sense is 'hunger', and this is extended in many languages to cover a time of famine. There was a regular change *m→w word-initial before a vowel in the Wandala and Dghwede subgroups of the Mandara group.
1Proto-Bata *mi hunger faim 1.1) Sharwa (Gravina) miki faim, famine
2Proto-Mafa *maj hunger faim 2.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) maj famine famine, faim 2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) maj (be) hungry, hunger (v) (avoir) faim
3Proto-Tera *mii hunger faim 3.1) Tera (Newman) me hunger 3.2) Nyimatli (Harley) mee drought, famine 3.2.1) Nyimatli (Harley) mee (be) hungry, hunger (v) 3.3) Gaʼanda (Gwaji) miita famine
4Proto-Sukur *maj hunger faim 4.1) Sukur (David) máj hunger 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) mai hungry; is the general term for hungry; feeling that you want to eat something. For example food.
5Proto-Hurza *maj hunger faim 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) maj hunger faim 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) hùmáj famine famine 5.2.1) Vame (Kinnaird) māj hunger faim
6Proto-Margi *mi hunger faim 6.1) Bura (Blench) mi Hunger Famine To be hungry ka mi. He is hungry mi ata kita ni 6.2) Margi (Hoffman) mi hunger
7Proto-Mandara *majɨ hunger faim 7.1) Matal (Branger) maj hunger faim 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) maja,-ə faim, famine 7.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) waja faim (m) 7.4) Malgwa (Löhr) waja famine, scarcity 7.4.1) Malgwa (Löhr) waja hunger 7.5) Glavda (Nghagyiva) wàja (be) hungry, hunger (v) 7.5.1) Glavda (Owens) wa hunger, famine
8Proto-Mofu *maj hunger faim 8.1) Moloko (Friesen) maj hunger faim 8.2) Zulgo (Haller) máj faim f. 8.3) Gemzek (Sabatai) maj la famine 8.4) Merey (Gravina) maj hunger faim 8.5) Dugwor (Jubumna) maj (be) hungry, hunger (v) (avoir) faim 8.6) Mofu North (Barreteau) máj faim 8.6.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) máj famine 8.7) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) maj faim, famine
9Proto-Maroua *maj hunger faim 9.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) maj faim, désir 9.2) Giziga Marva maj gi dʒe (be) hungry, hunger (v) (avoir) faim 9.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) maj faim 9.3.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) omáiʼ hunger (general) faim (général)
10Proto-Lamang *maja hunger faim 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) maja hunger 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) maja hunger la faim
11Proto-Higi *ma hunger faim 11.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) må hunger 11.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ma (be) hungry; hunger (v) 11.3) Kirya (Blench) ʼmá hunger 11.4) Psikye (Angelo) má hunger 11.5) Bana (Lienhard) má faim
12Proto-Musgum *maj hunger faim 12.1) Mbara (Tourneux) mijamaj hunger faim
13Proto-Gidar *maja hunger faim 13.1) Gidar (Hungerford) maja famine 13.2) Gidar (Hungerford) maja faim
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mama nf. mother mère (14 groups, 39 languages) A syn: ja.
The root *mama or *ma is a common root for 'mother' cross-linguistically. In many Central Chadic languages there is also the variant *man. The expected change *m→w in Mandara and Malgwa did not take place. The root *ja is found in the Kotoko languages.
1Proto-Bata *me mother mère 1.1) Tsuvan (Johnston) mekən la mère
2Proto-Daba *ma mother mère 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑn mother mère 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) mɑmɑ mother mère 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) mama mother mère 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) māj ma mère
3Proto-Mafa *mama mother mère 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) mámá mère 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) mamaŋ mother maman 3.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) ma mother mère
4Proto-Sukur *mama mother mère 4.1) Sukur (David) ma, mama mother 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) mama mother: a female parent of a child or animals. and is a person who is acting as a mother to a child.
5Proto-Hurza *mama mother mère 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) man mother mère (d'un animal) 5.1.1) Mbuko (Gravina) mamaj mother mère 5.1.2) Mbuko (Gravina) maj mother mère 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) māmá mother mère
6Proto-Margi *ma mother mère 6.1) Bura (Blench) muma Mother 6.1.1) Bura (Blench) maja Mother 6.2) Margi South (Harley) ama mother 6.3) Kilba (Schuh) ama mother
7Proto-Mandara *ma mother mère 7.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) mamá,-a mère 7.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) mama mère (f) 7.2.1) Mandara (Fluckiger) emma mère (f) 7.3) Malgwa (Löhr) mama mother 7.3.1) Malgwa (Löhr) əmma mother 7.3.2) Malgwa (Löhr) uuma mother, female 7.3.3) Malgwa (Löhr) ma mother
8Proto-Mofu *ma mother mère 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) māŋ mother mère 8.2) Muyang (Smith) mmɑ mother (form of address) 8.3) Mada (Nkoumou) amma mère 8.4) Moloko (Friesen) mama mother mère 8.5) Zulgo (Haller) mə́mə́r mère f. 8.5.1) Zulgo (Haller) màmá (gà) mère f. 8.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) mamər mother mère 8.6.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) məmar mother mère 8.7) Merey (Gravina) maja mère 8.7.1) Merey (Gravina) maj mère 8.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) mama mother mère 8.9) Mofu North (Barreteau) màjá mère 8.10) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) mamaŋ mother (sa, la) mère
9Proto-Maroua *ma mother mère 9.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) maha maman, mère 9.1.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) mumuŋ mère 9.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) uma mother mère 9.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) ma mère
10Proto-Lamang *mama mother mère 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) mamaa mother 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) mama mother la mère
11Proto-Higi *ma mother mère 11.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ma mother 11.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) mama mother 11.3) Kirya (Blench) màjì (mà) mother, grandmother 11.4) Psikye (Angelo) ma mother 11.4.1) Psikye (Angelo) miji mother
12Proto-Kotoko Island *man mother mère 12.1) Buduma (McKone) man mère.
13Proto-Musgum *maa mother mère 13.1) Vulum (Tourneux) amaa ma mère 13.2) Muskum (Tourneux) maana ma mère
14Proto-Gidar *ma mother mère 14.1) Gidar (Schuh) ma mère 14.2) Gidar (Hungerford) əəma, ma mère, maman 14.3) Gidar (Schuh) mma mère
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mar n. oil huile (13 groups, 33 languages) A
The basic sense is the oil used in cooking, but the root can be applied to other types of oil. There was a regular change *r→l in the North sub-branch, the Daba group and Cuvok. There was also a regular change *m→w word-initial pre-vocalic in the Wandala and Dghwede subgroups of the Mandara group which accounts for the change in Glavda.
1Proto-Bata *marɨ oil huile 1.1) Jimi (Djibi) marən L'huile 1.2) Sharwa (Gravina) marə huile, crème
2Proto-Daba *mal ʸ oil huile 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) mel oil huile 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) mɑli oil huile
3Proto-Mafa *mar oil huile 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ᵐbár huile 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) mal oil huile
4Proto-Tera *mar oil huile 4.1) Tera (Newman) mar oil 4.2) Nyimatli (Harley) mor oil
5Proto-Sukur *mir oil huile 5.1) Sukur (David) mir oil 5.2) Sukur (Thomas) mir oil; is the general term for oil; it can be petroleum, engine oil, groundnut oil etc.
6Proto-Hurza *amar oil huile 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) amar oil (cooking) huile 6.2) Vame (Kinnaird) āᵐbár oil huile
7Proto-Margi *mal oil huile 7.1) Bura (Blench) mal Fat, oil 7.2) Kilba (Schuh) mal oil = fat
8Proto-Mandara *malɨ oil huile 8.1) Matal (Branger) āmàl oil huile 8.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) mala,-ə huile 8.3) Glavda (Owens) wal oil, vegetable oil 8.3.1) Glavda (Owens) wá oil, cream 8.3.2) Glavda (Nghagyiva) wàla oil
9Proto-Mofu *amal oil hule 9.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) āmāl oil huile 9.2) Muyang (Smith) ɑmɑl oil, fuel huile ; carburant 9.3) Mada (Nkoumou) amal huile 9.4) Moloko (Friesen) amar oil huile 9.5) Zulgo (Haller) mal huile f. 9.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) mal oil huile 9.7) Merey (Gravina) mal huile 9.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) mál huile 9.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) mál huile
10Proto-Maroua *mal oil huile 10.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) mal graisse, huile, matière grasse 10.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) mal oil huile
11Proto-Kotoko South *amɨl oil huile 11.1) Zina (Odden) àməl oil huile 11.2) Mazera amle fat graisse
12Proto-Musgum *mal oil huile 12.1) Vulum (Tourneux) amel huile, buerre 12.2) Mbara (Tourneux) mal oil huile 12.3) Muskum (Tourneux) mɨltuw huile, beurre
13Proto-Gidar *malɨ ʸ oil huile 13.1) Gidar (Schuh) mele/0 huile 13.2) Gidar (Hungerford) mele huile
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ᵐba v. able (be) pouvoir (7 groups, 14 languages) A
This is the regular verb 'to be able'. A final *n is found in Sharwa, Gemzek and Kirya, but is not part of the original root.
1Proto-Bata *ᵐba able pouvoir 1.1) Bachama (Skinner) ᵐba(m) be able, master 1.2) Sharwa (Gravina) ᵐban Capable
2Proto-Daba *ᵐbaj able pouvoir 2.1) Daba (Lienhard) ᵐbāj connaître, capable
3Proto-Hurza *ᵐba able pouvoir 3.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ᵐba can pouvoir
4Proto-Mandara *ᵐba able pouvoir 4.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) ᵐba faire attention; savoir (faire)
5Proto-Mofu *ᵐba able pouvoir 5.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ᵐbì être capable, pouvoir 5.1.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ᵐbàkò pouvoir 5.2) Zulgo (Haller) ᵐbà (áhə́r) vaincre, surpasser; pouvoir, avoir la faculté de 5.3) Gemzek (Sabatai) maᵐbana (be) able (être) capable 5.4) Merey (Gravina) ᵐba faja (be) able (être) capable 5.5) Dugwor (Jubumna) maᵐbij hafaŋ know how to savoir (être capable de) 5.5.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) maᵐbij fahaŋ (be) able (être) capable 5.6) Merey (Gravina) ᵐba able pouvoir
6Proto-Higi *ᵐba able pouvoir 6.1) Kirya (Blench) ᵐbànə́ to be able to, can 6.2) Bana (Lienhard) ᵐbà(j) savoir faire (doit être suivi par pronom obj.)
7Proto-Gidar *ɨbapa able pouvoir 7.1) Gidar (Hungerford) əbapa savoir (être capable de), pouvoir
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ᵐbaɮa nm. beer bière (7 groups, 14 languages) A syn: ɣʷɨzɨm, vɨhʷ.
This is one of three widespread roots for 'millet beer'. It may be cognate with the Kanuri ᵐbal. If so, it is more likley that the Kanuri borrowed from Central Chadic than vice versa. If the word was borrowed from Kanuri, the change *l→ɮ would have been natural at the time of Proto-Central Chadic when *l was not a phoneme in the language. *l developed in Proto-Central Chadic North as a result of the regular change *r→l, so if the word was borrowed into Central Chadic after that time the change would have been unnatural. For this reason it is more likely that this is a native Central Chadic root.
1Proto-Daba *ᵐbaɮa beer bière 1.1) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ⁿdaɮa corn beer bière de maïs 1.2) Daba (Lienhard) ᵐbàɮāʼ le vin non-filtré, la bière épaisse
2Proto-Sukur *mɨpaɮɨ beer bière 2.1) Sukur (Thomas) məpaɮə beer; is the general term for beer.
3Proto-Mandara *ᵐbaɮa beer bière 3.1) Mandara (Fluckiger) ᵐbaɮa vin (m), toute boisson alcoolisée 3.2) Malgwa (Löhr) ᵐbadhla, hʷa, wuʃike alcoholic beverage (beer, wine)
4Proto-Mofu *ᵐbaɮa beer bière 4.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ᵐbàɮà bière épaisse ; (mouyangué) 4.2) Muyang (Smith) ᵐbɑɮɑ white wine vin blanc 4.3) Moloko (Friesen) ᵐbaɮa white wine made in the village fabriqué au village 4.3.1) Moloko (Friesen) ᵐbaɮa 4.4) Mofu North (Barreteau) ᵐbàɮà bière de mil chaude 4.5) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ᵐbaɮa bière de mil chaude
5Proto-Maroua *ᵐbaɮa beer bière 5.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ᵐbaɮa la bière du mil, vin 5.1.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ᵐbaɮa bière de mil blanche épaisse
6Proto-Higi *ᵐbaɮɨ beer bière 6.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) baɮə wine 6.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) bàɮə̀ local wine. 6.2) Bana (Lienhard) ᵐbèɮ(ì) bière de mil blanc, vin blanc
7Proto-Gidar *ᵐbaɮa beer bière 7.1) Gidar (Schuh) ᵐbaɮa bière non-tamisée
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ᵐbatuɓ n. baobab baobab (4 groups, 6 languages) C syn: kʷɨkaɗ.
This root is far less widespread than *kʷɨkaɗ. It is problematic in that it contains a back vowel, and back vowels were not present in Proto-Central Chadic. It must be assumed that this root was either coined in Proto-Mafa, or else was borrowed into the languages of the Mandara Mountains at an early stage.
1Proto-Daba *matuɓ baobab baobab 1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑtɑɓ baobab tree baobab 1.2) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) matu ɓ baobab tree baobab
2Proto-Mafa *ᵐbota baobab baobab 2.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ᵐboto-ᵐbótá baobab 2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ᵐbaataj baobab tree baobab
3Proto-Sukur *ᵐbutɨ baobab baobab 3.1) Sukur (David) ᵐbutə tree, baobab
4Proto-Mofu *ᵐbaataɓ baobab baobab 4.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) máataɓ baobab 4.1.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ᵐbáataj baobab (Gudur)
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ᵐbɨɗa v. change changer (8 groups, 24 languages) A
This root has the basic sense 'to change', with extended meanings including 'to turn', 'to exchange', 'to translate' etc. There was a regular word-final change *ɗ→r in part of the Higi group, but otherwise this root has been transmitted largely unchanged.
1Proto-Daba *ᵐbaɗ change changer 1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ᵐbɑɗ exchange échanger 1.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ᵐbɑɗ change changer 1.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ᵐbɑɗ alter, change (tr) changer (tr), modifier 1.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) ᵐbɑɗ barter, exchange échange (de marchandises)
2Proto-Sukur *ᵐbɨɗa change change 2.1) Sukur (Thomas) ᵐbəɗa change; to exchange position, place, etc. With something else, so that you have what they have, and they have what you have.
3Proto-Hurza *ᵐbɨɗa change changer 3.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ᵐbəɗa transform transformer 3.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ᵐbə̀ɗédè ʒèk transform transformer
4Proto-Mandara *ᵐbɨɗa change changer 4.1) Matal (Branger) mabəɗla change changer 4.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ᵐbə́ɗa changer, échanger 4.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) ᵐbéɗá changer, tomber - v. int. = mbádá 4.3.1) Mandara (Fluckiger) ᵐbáɗá (se) changer, (se) transformer 4.4) Malgwa (Löhr) ᵐbaɗa lakʷa change place temporarily 4.5) Dghwede (Frick) ᵐbətʼa to change
5Proto-Mofu *ᵐbɨɗ change changer 5.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ᵐbaɗ aɬam exchange échanger 5.1.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ᵐbaɗ aɬam replace remplacer 5.2) Moloko (Friesen) ᵐbaɗ transform transformer 5.2.1) Moloko (Friesen) ᵐbaɗ turn tourner 5.2.2) Moloko (Friesen) ᵐbaɗ change changer 5.2.3) Moloko (Friesen) ᵐbaɗ become devenir 5.3) Zulgo (Haller) ᵐbə̀ɗ changer, se modifier 5.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) ᵐbəɗ change (intr) changer (intr) 5.5) Dugwor (Jubumna) məᵐbəɗeŋ alter, change (tr) changer (tr), modifier 5.5.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) məᵐbəɗej change (intr) changer (intr) 5.6) Mofu North (Barreteau) méᵐbə̀ɗēj tourner, se retourner 5.6.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) méᵐbə̀ɗēj verser 5.6.2) Mofu North (Barreteau) méᵐbə̀ɗēj échanger, tranformer 5.6.3) Mofu North (Barreteau) méᵐbə̀ɗēj traduire 5.7) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ᵐbəɗ ́ turn around (se) tourner, retourner 5.7.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ᵐbəɗ ́ changer, échanger, (se) transformer ; traduire
6Proto-Maroua *ᵐbɨɗa ʸ change changer 6.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ᵐbiɗi changer 6.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) ᵐbiɗe alter, change (tr) changer (tr), modifier
7Proto-Lamang *ᵐbɨɗa change changer 7.1) Lamang (Wolff) ᵐboɗo change, turn 7.2) Hdi (Bramlett) ᵐbəɗaj to transform, to turn échanger,tourner
8Proto-Higi *ᵐbɨɗɨ change changer 8.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ᵐbə́rə́ntə́ Changed. 8.2) Kirya (Blench) ᵐbə̀rá to change, exchange 8.3) Bana (Lienhard) ᵐbə́rə́ varier, changer, échanger, remplacer, devenir
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ᵐbɨkʷɨm n. horn corne (4 groups, 7 languages) C syn: lagan, dɨrɨm, mahʷa.
This is one of the less common roots for 'horn'. The roots given come from three very distant areas, so this may be a root which had a far wider range, or it may be that this word exists in more languages but hasn't yet been recorded, or else these may simply be chance similarities.
1Proto-Tera *ᵐbaʔʷamⁿda horn corne 1.1) Gaʼanda (Gwaji) ᵐboʼomⁿda animal horn
2Proto-Hurza *ɓaᵑgʷam horn corne 2.1) Vame (Kinnaird) ɓáŋgʷàm antenna ; horn ; antler antenne ; corne
3Proto-Mofu *ᵐbɨkʷam horn corne 3.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) āᵐbə́kām horn corne 3.2) Moloko (Friesen) moᵑgom horn, all types corne; toutes_sortes 3.3) Zulgo (Haller) ᵐbùkúm corne f. 3.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) ᵐbukom horn corne
4Proto-Musgum *amakʷ horn corne 4.1) Vulum (Tourneux) amok corne d'animal
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ᵐbɨwran nm. tamarind tree tamarinier (10 groups, 28 languages) B
This, along with the baobab, is one of two tree species reconstructed for Proto-Central Chadic. There was a regular change *r→l in the languages of the North sub-branch and Cuvok, and in Sukur as an irregular change. In the Mandara group, Podoko has the expected /l/, but the other languages have /r/, which is unestablished. The final consonant presents problems. It is *m in Proto-Mafa, Proto-Sukur, Proto-Maroua and Proto-Lamang, *ŋ in Proto-Higi, *r in Proto-Mofu and absent in Proto-Margi and Proto-Mandara. There is a regular change *n→r word-final in the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group, which accounts for the final *r in Proto-Mofu if the final consonant was originally *n. The absence of *r in Proto-Margi and Proto-Mandara may possibly be due to a constraint forbidding adjacent *l and *r, though this constraint has not been established. The presence of *m as the final consonant in the other groups is irregular. *w is reconstructed to account for the widespread presence of /u/ in groups where the proto-language had no back vowels.
1Proto-Bata *mbɨwran tamarind tamarinier 1.1) Tsuvan (Johnston) ᵐburne le tamarin, le tamarinier 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) guraᵐbalan Le tamarinier
2Proto-Mafa *ᵐbɨwram tamarind tamarinier 2.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) ᵐburom tamarin 2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ᵐbəlam tamarind tree tamarinier
3Proto-Tera *ᵐbɨrɨn tamarind tamarinier 3.1) Nyimatli (Harley) ᵐbu̱ru̱n tamarind tree
4Proto-Sukur *ᵐbɨlɨm tamarind tamarinier 4.1) Sukur (David) ᵐbələm tree, tamarind 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) ᵐbələm tamarid; a tropical tree that produce fruit, also called tamarids, that are preserved for cooking porage.
5Proto-Margi *ᵐbɨwla tamarind tamarinier 5.1) Bura (Blench) ᵐbula Tamarind tree 5.2) Bura (Blench) ᵐbula Tamarindus indica 5.3) Margi South (Harley) ᵐbəla tamarind 5.3.1) Margi South (Harley) ᵐbila tamarind 5.4) Kilba (Schuh) ᵐbəla/a tamarind
6Proto-Mandara *amɨrɨ tamarind tamarinier 6.1) Matal (Branger) āmᵊ̀r tamarind tamarinier 6.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ᵐbulá,-ə tamarinier, tamarin 6.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) ure tamarin (m), tamarinier (m) 6.4) Malgwa (Löhr) ure tree sp., tamarind, Tamarindus indica, and his seeds 6.4.1) Malgwa (Löhr) nafuure tree sp., Tamarindus indica 6.5) Glavda (Owens) áw tamarind 6.5.1) Glavda (Nghagyiva) àwùɾa tamarind tree
7Proto-Mofu *ᵐbɨwlar tamarind tamarinier 7.1) Zulgo (Haller) ᵐbə́lár tamarinier m. 7.1.1) Zulgo (Haller) ᵐbə́lár fruits (m. pl.) du tamarinier 7.2) Gemzek (Sabatai) ᵐbular tamarinier 7.2.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) dereɮ ᵐbulor tamarind tree tamarinier 7.3) Merey (Gravina) ᵐbulor tamarind tree tamarinier 7.3.1) Merey (Gravina) ᵐbəlar tamarinier 7.4) Dugwor (Jubumna) hʷaf j ᵐbəlor tamarind tree tamarinier 7.5) Mofu North (Barreteau) ᵐbə́lár tamarinier 7.5.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) ᵐbə́lár tamarin
8Proto-Maroua *ᵐbɨwlam tamarind tamarinier 8.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ᵐbulam tamarin, tamarinier 8.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) ᵐbulam tamarind tree tamarinier 8.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) ᵐbəlaŋ tamarinier
9Proto-Lamang *ᵐbɨlam tamarind tamarinier 9.1) Hdi (Bramlett) ᵐbəlam tamarind tree le tamarinier
10Proto-Higi *ᵐbɨwlaŋ tamarind tamarinier 10.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ᵐbúlá Tamarine tree. 10.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ᵐbula tamarind tree 10.3) Kirya (Blench) ᵐbə́láᵑg tamarind 10.4) Bana (Lienhard) ᵐb(ə̀)láŋ tamarinier
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mits v. to extinguish éteindre (8 groups, 14 languages) B rel. to: mɨts.
The basic meaning of this verb is 'to put out a fire'. This root is very similar to the root for 'to die', the only difference is that *i is reconstructed. It could possibly be a causative form, i.e. 'to cause (a fire) to die'. There is a regular word-final change *ts→t in several groups.
1Proto-Bata *miitɨ extinguish éteindre 1.1) Jimi (Djibi) miitən Eteindre ;
2Proto-Daba *muts, mitsiʔn extinguish éteindre 2.1) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) kəmutʃkahaw quench, extinguish éteindre 2.2) Daba (Lienhard) mìtʃīʼn éteindre
3Proto-Mafa *mɨtsa extinguish éteindre 3.1) Cuvok (Gravina) mətsa quench, extinguish éteindre
4Proto-Hurza *muⁿdzɨja extinguish éteindre 4.1) Vame (Kinnaird) mūⁿdʒíjā extinguish ; put out éteindre
5Proto-Mandara *mɨtsɨ extinguish éteindre 5.1) Matal (Branger) mamatsiŋ ala, mamatʃiŋ ala extinguish éteindre 5.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) metʃe éteindre 5.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ɨ́mt͡sá káːɾa quench, extinguish
6Proto-Mofu *mat ʸ extinguish éteindre 6.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) mētéŋ éteindre 6.2) Muyang (Smith) met cause to die, extinguish éteindre 6.2.1) Muyang (Smith) metiŋ cause to die, extinguish faire mourir, éteindre 6.3) Mofu North (Barreteau) mémtsèj etindre (feu)
7Proto-Maroua *muts extinguish éteindre 7.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) mutʃ éteindre le feu, fais mourir le feu 7.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) mutʃa quench, extinguish éteindre
8Proto-Lamang *mɨtaj extinguish éteindre 8.1) Hdi (Bramlett) mətaj to extinguish a fire éteindre un feu
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mɨɗɨp num. seven sept (6 groups, 15 languages) C syn: tasɨraɗ.
This is one of two widely distributed roots for 'seven'. This root is found in the languages of the Nigerian Plains. The *p is not present in the Tera group. In Proto-Higi there has been a change *ɗ→r, which is regular in all languages except for Psikye, and also a sporadic change *m→ᵐb. *p was realised as [p] in medial position and [f] in word-final position in Proto-Central Chadic. The widespread presence of /f/ implies that the *p was the final consonant, and that the final *n in the Bata and Higi groups is an addition to the root.
1Proto-Bata *mɨɗɨfiŋ seven sept 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) mə̀ɗə̀fə seven 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) ᵐbərəfiŋ seven Sept
2Proto-Tera *muɗ seven sept 2.1) Nyimatli (Harley) mut seven (7) 2.2) Gaʼanda (Gwaji) muɗ seven
3Proto-Sukur *maɗaf seven sept 3.1) Sukur (David) maɗaf seven 3.2) Sukur (Thomas) maɗaf seven
4Proto-Margi *mɨɗɨfaw seven sept 4.1) Bura (Blench) murfa Seven 4.2) Margi South (Harley) mədəfau seven
5Proto-Mandara *mɨɗɨfɨ seven sept 5.1) Matal (Branger) mᵊ̄ɗᵊ̀f nine neuf 5.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) maɗəfá,-ə seven sept 5.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ùːɗʲɨ̀fa seven (7)
6Proto-Higi *ᵐbirfɨŋ seven sept 6.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ᵐbùrfúᵑgə́ Seven 6.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ᵐbrfaᵑgo seven 6.3) Kirya (Blench) ᵐbìrfə́ᵑg seven 6.4) Psikye (Angelo) ᵐbərəfáŋ seven 6.5) Bana (Lienhard) ᵐbə̀rf(ə́)ŋ sept (7)
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mɨts v. to die mourir (18 groups, 47 languages) A rel. to: mits.
This is one of the most widely-attested Central Chadic roots, and reflexes are found in all eighteen groups. There is a regular change *ts→t which took place independently in several different groups. The resulting *t has the unestablished reflexes *d in Proto-Kotoko North, *ɗ in Proto-Musgum and *r in Proto-Kotoko South. If the Sukur word is cognate, then we have the regular change *ts→s, and the initial *m has the irregular reflex /ŋʷ/.
1Proto-Bata *mɨt die mourir 1.1) Jimi (Djibi) mətən Mourir 1.2) Sharwa (Gravina) mɨtə mourir
2Proto-Daba *mɨts die mourir 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑtʃ die mourir 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) mtʃɑ die mourir 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) kəmətʃ die mourir 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) mə̀tʃ la mort, mourir
3Proto-Mafa *mɨtsa die mourir 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) mətsa mourir 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) mətsa die mourir
4Proto-Tera *mɨt die mourir 4.1) Tera (Newman) məɗi die 4.1.1) Tera (Newman) məɗi death 4.1.2) Tera (Newman) məɗi corpse 4.2) Nyimatli (Harley) mu̱t die
5Proto-Sukur *ŋʷɨs die mourir 5.1) Sukur (Thomas) ŋus die
6Proto-Hurza *mɨts die mourir 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) mats to die mourir 6.2) Vame (Kinnaird) mə́tsà die mourir
7Proto-Margi *mɨta die mourir 7.1) Bura (Blench) mta To die Past tense mta
8Proto-Mandara *mɨtsa die mourir 8.1) Matal (Branger) mamtsaj die mourir 8.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) mɨtʃé 1 mourir 8.3) Malgwa (Löhr) mtsa die, death 8.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ɨ̀mtsᵊga die 8.5) Dghwede (Frick) mtsa death, to die
9Proto-Mofu *mɨt die mourir 9.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) mə̀t die mourir 9.2) Mada (Nkoumou) mamta mourir 9.3) Moloko (Friesen) mat die mourir 9.4) Zulgo (Haller) mə̀t mourir 9.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) meməte die mourir 9.6) Merey (Gravina) mət die mourir, (être) mort 9.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) məmtaj die mourir 9.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ́məts die mourir 9.8.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) mémətsej mourir, la mort
10Proto-Maroua *muts die mourir 10.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) mutʃ mourir, mort 10.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) mutʃ die mourir 10.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) mutʃ mourir 10.3.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) múitʃ die mourir
11Proto-Lamang *mɨta die mourir 11.1) Lamang (Wolff) mta die 11.2) Hdi (Bramlett) mətaj to die mourir
12Proto-Higi *mɨtɨ die mourir 12.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) mtə́ Die 12.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) mtə to die 12.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) mto die; dying 12.3) Psikye (Angelo) mtə́ die 12.4) Bana (Lienhard) m(ə)tí mourir, la mort
13Proto-Kotoko Island *matɨ die mourir 13.1) Buduma (McKone) matə die mourir
14Proto-Kotoko North *madɨ die mourir 14.1) Afade (Allison) madɨ die mourir 14.2) Mpade (Allison) màdɨ̀ die mourir 14.3) Malgbe (Allison) madi die mourir
15Proto-Kotoko Centre *mɨt die mourir 15.1) Lagwan (Allison) mɨti die mourir 15.2) Mser (Allison) mato die mourir
16Proto-Kotoko South *mara die mourir 16.1) Zina (Odden) màrà die mourir
17Proto-Musgum *mɨɗɨ ʸ die mourir 17.1) Vulum (Tourneux) miri mourir 17.2) Mulwi (Tourneux) miri mourir 17.3) Mbara (Tourneux) miʼdiŋ die
18Proto-Gidar *ɨmta die mourir 18.1) Gidar (Hungerford) əmta mourir 18.2) Gidar (Schuh) umta mourir
19Shoa Arabic mât; môt; majjit die mourir
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ⁿda v. to swallow avaler (7 groups, 16 languages) A syn: sɨɗɨk.
This is one of the few roots reconstructed with *ⁿd. There is some variation in the vowel, but otherwise the root is stable.
1Proto-Bata *ⁿda swallow avaler 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ⁿda swallow 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) ⁿdan Avaler ;
2Proto-Sukur *ⁿdam swallow avaler 2.1) Sukur (Thomas) ⁿdam to swallow;- to swallow something like tablets.
3Proto-Mandara *ⁿdɨ swallow avaler 3.1) Mandara (Fluckiger) ⁿdé avaler, engloutir - v. int. = ndánde 3.2) Malgwa (Löhr) ⁿde swallow, consume 3.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ⁿdᵊga swallow
4Proto-Mofu *ⁿda swallow avaler 4.1) Moloko (Friesen) ⁿdawaj swallow avaler 4.2) Zulgo (Haller) ⁿde avaler 4.3) Mofu North (Barreteau) méⁿdēj avaler, 4.3.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) méⁿdēj manger sans macher 4.3.2) Mofu North (Barreteau) méⁿdēj manger gloutonnement 4.3.3) Mofu North (Barreteau) méⁿdēj avaler des graines (oiseau) 4.4) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ⁿd ́ swallow avaler ; picorer des graines (oiseaux) 4.4.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ⁿd ́ (sens fig.) être gourmand
5Proto-Maroua *ⁿdi swallow avaler 5.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ⁿdi engloutir, noyer 5.1.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ⁿdi avaler 5.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) ⁿdi goɗ swallow avaler
6Proto-Lamang *ⁿda swallow avaler 6.1) Lamang (Wolff) ⁿda swallow 6.2) Hdi (Bramlett) ⁿdaj to swallow avaler
7Proto-Higi *ⁿda swallow avaler 7.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ⁿdá Swallow 7.2) Kirya (Blench) ⁿdà swallow
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ⁿdɨw nm. human être humain (9 groups, 21 languages) A cf: zɨɗɨr ʸ.
This root has the basic meaning of 'a human being' and is not gender specific. It is one of only four roots reconstructed with *ⁿd. The final *w has the reflexes *u and the labialisation prosody, both common sporadic changes. There has been metathesis of the two consonants in Proto-Mandara and Proto-Higi, which is also a common sporadic change.
1Proto-Bata *ɨⁿdɨw person personne 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ə̀ⁿdá - ə someone, person, human being 1.2) Sharwa (Gravina) ⁿdu personne, homme
2Proto-Mafa *ⁿda ʷ person personne 2.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) ⁿdo homme(generique) 2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ⁿdah people personnes 2.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) ⁿda person personne 2.2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ⁿdana person personne
3Proto-Tera *ⁿdɨkʷɨ person personne 3.1) Tera (Newman) ⁿdukku person (plural) 3.1.1) Tera (Newman) ⁿduku person 3.2) Nyimatli (Harley) ⁿduku human being, person 3.2.1) Nyimatli (Harley) ⁿdukh man.people
4Proto-Sukur *ⁿdɨw person personne 4.1) Sukur (David) ⁿda person 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) ⁿdu person 4.3) Sukur (David) ⁿdu person
5Proto-Margi *ⁿdu person personne 5.1) Kilba (Schuh) ⁿdu/ə person
6Proto-Mandara *wɨⁿdɨ person personne 6.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) məⁿda,-ə personne, quelqu'un 6.2) Malgwa (Löhr) ⁿda people, persons 6.3) Glavda (Owens) uu person 6.3.1) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ùda human being, person 6.4) Dghwede (Frick) wude person
7Proto-Mofu *ⁿdaw person personne 7.1) Merey (Gravina) ⁿdo person homme, personne, être humaine 7.2) Merey (Gravina) ⁿdo quelqu'un 7.3) Dugwor (Jubumna) wdaw person personne 7.4) Mofu North (Barreteau) ⁿdàw homme 7.4.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) ⁿdàw être humain 7.4.2) Mofu North (Barreteau) ⁿdàw gens 7.5) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ⁿdaw man homme, être humain, gens
8Proto-Lamang *mɨⁿdu person personne 8.1) Lamang (Wolff) ùⁿdù person 8.2) Hdi (Bramlett) məⁿdu man l'homme
9Proto-Higi *wɨⁿdɨ person personne 9.1) Kirya (Blench) ⁿdə̀ person, people 9.1.1) Kirya (Blench) ⁿdə́ man, person, human being 9.2) Psikye (Angelo) wuⁿdú person 9.2.1) Psikye (Angelo) ⁿdə he, she, it, person
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ⁿdzah v. to sit, stay s'asseoir, rester (10 groups, 32 languages) B
The basic meaning of this word covers sitting, staying and living (in a place). This is the only root where *ⁿdz is reconstructed. In a few cases *ⁿdz is simplified to *ⁿz. The final *h is only retained in Proto-Mafa and Proto-Hurza , and in Proto-Lamang where it has the irregular reflex *kʷ.
1Proto-Bata *ⁿdza sit asseoir 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ⁿdzaa sit 1.1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ⁿdzaa dwell or live in a place 1.1.2) Gude (Hoskinson) ⁿdzaa be, become 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) ⁿdzan Exister, être, rester en vie ; 1.3) Tsuvan (Johnston) a nzakən rester
2Proto-Daba *ⁿdza sit asseoir 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ⁿdʒɑ sit, stay s'asseoir 2.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ⁿdʒɑ dwell, inhabit habiter 2.1.2) Buwal (Viljoen) ⁿdʒɑ remain, stay rester, demeurer 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ⁿdzɑ sit s'asseoir 2.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) ⁿdzɑ stay rester, demeurer 2.2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ⁿdzɑ dwell, inhabit habiter 2.2.3) Gavar (Viljoen) ⁿdzɑ calm (oneself) se calmer 2.2.4) Gavar (Viljoen) ⁿdzɑ land atterir 2.2.5) Gavar (Viljoen) ⁿdzɑ be être 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) dʒa sit s'asseoir 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) ⁿdʒà être, rester, s'asseoir
3Proto-Mafa *ⁿdzaha sit asseoir 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ⁿdza s'asseoir 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ⁿdʒahaj remain, stay rester, demeurer 3.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) ⁿdʒaha sit s'asseoir 3.2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ⁿdʒaha dwell, inhabit habiter
4Proto-Sukur *ⁿza sit s'asseoir 4.1) Sukur (David) nza sit, to 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) inza sit; to rest your weight on your bottom with your back vertical.
5Proto-Hurza *ⁿdzahaj sit asseoir 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) nzahaj sit s'asseoir 5.1.1) Mbuko (Gravina) nzahaj rester
6Proto-Margi *ⁿzi sit asseoir 6.1) Bura (Blench) nzi To sit, to remain
7Proto-Mandara *ⁿdza sit asseoir 7.1) Matal (Branger) màdzᵊ̄ mādzáj sit s'asseoir 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ⁿdza 1 asseoir 7.2.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) ⁿdza 2 rester 7.2.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ⁿdza 3 habiter 7.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) ⁿdʒá (s')asseoir - v. int. = njánja 7.4) Malgwa (Löhr) ⁿdʒa sit 7.5) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ⁿd͡zɨga dwell, inhabit 7.6) Dghwede (Frick) ⁿdzəgi ⁿdzəge sit
8Proto-Mofu *ⁿdza sit asseoir 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) nzàkáŋ sit; stay in the house rester 8.1.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) nzàkáŋ live rester à la maison 8.1.2) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) nzàkáŋ habiter 8.2) Moloko (Friesen) ⁿdʒé sit s'asseoir 8.2.1) Moloko (Friesen) ⁿdʒé stay rester 8.2.2) Moloko (Friesen) ⁿdʒé live habiter 8.2.3) Moloko (Friesen) ⁿdʒé attain atteindre 8.3) Zulgo (Haller) ⁿdza rester, demeurer, durer, stationner 8.3.1) Zulgo (Haller) ⁿdza être 8.4) Gemzek (Sabatai) ⁿdza sit, (be) seated, dwell, inhabit, remain, stay s'asseoir, (être) assis, habiter, rester, demeurer 8.5) Merey (Gravina) ⁿdzaj rester 8.6) Dugwor (Jubumna) maⁿdʒaj dwell, inhabit habiter 8.7) Mofu North (Barreteau) méⁿdzēj s'assoir 8.7.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) méⁿdzēj rester 8.7.2) Mofu North (Barreteau) méⁿdzēj habiter 8.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ⁿdʒ ́ stay s'asseoir ; rester ; habiter ; attendre
9Proto-Lamang *ⁿzakʷ sit asseoir 9.1) Lamang (Wolff) nzuk sit 9.2) Hdi (Bramlett) nzaku to be seated s'asseoir
10Proto-Higi *ⁿdza sit asseoir 10.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ⁿdza dwell; inhabit; live; stay 10.2) Kirya (Blench) ⁿdzá to stay 10.3) Psikye (Angelo) nzá exist, stay 10.4) Bana (Lienhard) ⁿdzì s'asseoir, rester, demeurer
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