wɨraj nm. neck cou (12 groups, 29 languages) A syn: ɣɨwaj.
This is a widespread root with a complex history. The final *j has been lost in a number of groups, and in the Margi, Higi and Musgum groups it has been reanalysed as palatalisation. These are common sporadic processes. The *r has the regular reflex *l in the groups of the North sub-branch, and also the Daba group. However there was an irregular change *r to *ɗ in Proto-Mafa, which spread to Proto-Maroua, Proto-Mofu and Proto-Sukur. There was then a further change to *ʔ in Proto-Sukur and Proto-Maroua, and to /d/ in Mafa, which are unestablished changes. The initial *w has been lost in several groups, and in Sukur has fused with the /ʔ/. These are common sporadic processes.
1Proto-Bata *wɨra neck cou 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ùurá (inher. poss., body part); neck, throat 1.1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ùurá voice, language (reg. poss.) 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) wuran 1 - Cou; 2 - Langue parlée; 3 - Gorge 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) wura Cou 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) wula le cou
2Proto-Daba *wɨla neck cou 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ulɑ neck cou 2.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ulɑ voice voix 2.1.2) Buwal (Viljoen) ulɑ cry cri 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) wəlɑ neck cou 2.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) wəlɑ voice voix 2.2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) wəlɑ cry cri 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) wula neck cou 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) wə̀là le cou ; appeler
3Proto-Mafa *ɗaja neck cou 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) dájá cou
4Proto-Sukur *ʔʷaj neck cou 4.1) Sukur (David) ʼoj neck
5Proto-Margi *wɨla ʸ neck cou 5.1) Bura (Blench) wulja Neck (general term) Neck of a musical instrumnent such as gulum or yakandi 5.2) Margi South (Harley) gjulija neck 5.3) Kilba (Schuh) wulja neck
6Proto-Mofu *ɗaj neck cou 6.1) Zulgo (Haller) ɗa cou m. 6.2) Gemzek (Sabatai) bijɗa le cou 6.2.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) bijɗa voice voix 6.3) Merey (Gravina) ɗaj cou 6.3.1) Merey (Gravina) ɗaj neck cou, voix 6.4) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɗaj voice voix 6.4.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɗaj throat gorge 6.4.2) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɗaj neck cou 6.5) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɗaj neck cou 6.5.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɗaj voix
7Proto-Maroua *ʔaj neck cou 7.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) aj neck cou 7.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) ʼaj cou 7.2.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) ājīʼ neck (front & back) cou (nuque et gorge)
8Proto-Lamang *ulek neck cou 8.1) Lamang (Wolff) ulek neck
9Proto-Higi *wɨlɨj neck cou 9.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) wuljə neck 9.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) wulji neck 9.3) Kirya (Blench) wúɽí neck, voice 9.4) Bana (Lienhard) wə́rí cou, voix
10Proto-Kotoko South *ɣʷɨre neck cou 10.1) Zina (Odden) wùni neck cou 10.2) Mazera (Allison) ɣule neck cou
11Proto-Musgum *wɨla ʸ neck cou 11.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) wile cou
12Proto-Gidar *wɨla neck cou 12.1) Gidar (Schuh) wula, a cou 12.2) Gidar (Hungerford) wəlaʼ cou
This is a widespread root with a complex history. The final *j has been lost in a number of groups, and in the Margi, Higi and Musgum groups it has been reanalysed as palatalisation. These are common sporadic processes. The *r has the regular reflex *l in the groups of the North sub-branch, and also the Daba group. However there was an irregular change *r to *ɗ in Proto-Mafa, which spread to Proto-Maroua, Proto-Mofu and Proto-Sukur. There was then a further change to *ʔ in Proto-Sukur and Proto-Maroua, and to /d/ in Mafa, which are unestablished changes. The initial *w has been lost in several groups, and in Sukur has fused with the /ʔ/. These are common sporadic processes.
1Proto-Bata *wɨra neck cou 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ùurá (inher. poss., body part); neck, throat 1.1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ùurá voice, language (reg. poss.) 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) wuran 1 - Cou; 2 - Langue parlée; 3 - Gorge 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) wura Cou 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) wula le cou
2Proto-Daba *wɨla neck cou 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ulɑ neck cou 2.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ulɑ voice voix 2.1.2) Buwal (Viljoen) ulɑ cry cri 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) wəlɑ neck cou 2.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) wəlɑ voice voix 2.2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) wəlɑ cry cri 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) wula neck cou 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) wə̀là le cou ; appeler
3Proto-Mafa *ɗaja neck cou 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) dájá cou
4Proto-Sukur *ʔʷaj neck cou 4.1) Sukur (David) ʼoj neck
5Proto-Margi *wɨla ʸ neck cou 5.1) Bura (Blench) wulja Neck (general term) Neck of a musical instrumnent such as gulum or yakandi 5.2) Margi South (Harley) gjulija neck 5.3) Kilba (Schuh) wulja neck
6Proto-Mofu *ɗaj neck cou 6.1) Zulgo (Haller) ɗa cou m. 6.2) Gemzek (Sabatai) bijɗa le cou 6.2.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) bijɗa voice voix 6.3) Merey (Gravina) ɗaj cou 6.3.1) Merey (Gravina) ɗaj neck cou, voix 6.4) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɗaj voice voix 6.4.1) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɗaj throat gorge 6.4.2) Dugwor (Jubumna) ɗaj neck cou 6.5) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɗaj neck cou 6.5.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɗaj voix
7Proto-Maroua *ʔaj neck cou 7.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) aj neck cou 7.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) ʼaj cou 7.2.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) ājīʼ neck (front & back) cou (nuque et gorge)
8Proto-Lamang *ulek neck cou 8.1) Lamang (Wolff) ulek neck
9Proto-Higi *wɨlɨj neck cou 9.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) wuljə neck 9.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) wulji neck 9.3) Kirya (Blench) wúɽí neck, voice 9.4) Bana (Lienhard) wə́rí cou, voix
10Proto-Kotoko South *ɣʷɨre neck cou 10.1) Zina (Odden) wùni neck cou 10.2) Mazera (Allison) ɣule neck cou
11Proto-Musgum *wɨla ʸ neck cou 11.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) wile cou
12Proto-Gidar *wɨla neck cou 12.1) Gidar (Schuh) wula, a cou 12.2) Gidar (Hungerford) wəlaʼ cou