yar-ʝa²¹🔊1ASSOC联想意义pfx(associates a noun with its constituent)的/de/Sixzzei mel yarji zza, nael yarji mel nilhar gga ner ji dae.树有根，但是它的根长在地里。Trees have roots, but the roots are growing in the dirt.Cei dae lae a mel, yarne ddux nr var a.水稻种晚了，不会出穗了。When the rice is threshed late, (you) can't get the kernel out.Tur eil bbor yarzibbor ddu dae ho a, ajjix ji nr cexr a.这支桶的底已经通了不能装水了。The bottom of this barrel has a hole in it, water can't be put in.Baxlaxr peixl yarqir leil ardoxr kiexl a; ni sser nr ddo a.碗边上有一点坏了，你不能用了。The edge of the bowl is a bit broken; don't use it.Gurlir ar ddei a bbeix, ca ar ddei mel bbir bbir ddo, yel ca mel yarsirddur ddei naexr gex gger du lei a.有个故事说，有一个人爱放屁，所以人们把他的肛门给缝起来了。There is a story, about a person who farted a lot, so the people sewed shut his anus.(a) Sometimes the /yar-/ associates a noun with a second noun which is a constituent or member of that first noun. This construction often occurs with plants, with the head noun being the plant and the second, constituent noun being a part of that plant. It occurs when there are words between the head noun and the constituent noun. / Alcur zzei eil yoxr, yarsaer neixneixmo./ This type of thorn plant, its fruit is black. (thorn plant this type ASSOC seed black) /So mel, yarbexl yarzi miur./ 'Wheat, its chaff is a lot.' (wheat TOP ASSOC chaff very much). If the nouns are consecutive, the ASSOC /yar-/ is not needed. /Cei saer mel yarzi ye./ Rice fruit/seed is very small. (rice fruit/seed TOP very small). /So bexl mel zzor nr cexr./ 'Wheat chaff can not be eaten.' (wheat chaff TOP, eat not able). (b) The /yar-/ also associates a part of an inanimate item with its whole. The whole item is the head noun and the constituent is the second noun. Again, if there are words between the head noun and the constituent noun, the ASSOC /yar-/ is used. / Baxlaxr eil peil yarqier leil xiar./ 'This bowl, its edge is broken.' (bowl this CLF ASSOC edge POST.POS broken). /Tur eil bbor yarzibbor ddu dae a./ 'This barrel its bottom has a hole in it.' (barrel this CLF ASSOC bottom-on has.a.hole DUR BREATH.GROUP.MARKER) If the nouns are consecutive, the ASSOC /yar-/ is not needed. / Ngua ake qir leil sixzzei ar cux zza./ 'On the edge of our house, there is a tree.' (our house edge of tree a CLF have). /Baxlaxr qir ddei mel yarzi bei xiar so./ 'The edge of a bowl is very easy to break.' (bowl edge CLF TOP, very make broken easy). (c) On the other hand, for animals, when referring to body parts, the attribute word /ddei/ is used. /Bolvixr hal ddei ddei zzi yarzi igax zae./ That hog badger's skin is nice to look at. (hog.badger that CLF GEN skin very look.at.nice.looking. (d). And for people, when referring to body parts, neither /yar-/ or /ddei/ need be used. /Capor hal ddei leixrhher mel no a./ 'That man's arm is hurt.' (man that CLF arm TOP hurt BREATH.GROUP.MARKER). An animal's dead body is referred to using the /yar-/ as with plants or things,i.e., /Zalbbaer azo yarsima ar ddei pixl dae nr saexl, yarzi sael bbeirne./ 'Outside what body is discarded I don't know, it stinks very much.' (outside what ASSOC dead.body a CLF throw.away DUR NEG know).2ASSOC联想意义pfx(associates a noun with its modifier [usually an adjective])的/de/Zzirbbae eilzzu yarjiar arzzu.这些钱是一些假的。This money is fake.Yar pia xiux yarli loxr a, bbiexrbbiexlbbiexr nr zza.他的衣服旧了，没有亮的了。When his/her clothes got old, (they) didn't have any shine.Hor mel yarzzeir zzor nr cexr.不能吃生的肉。Raw meat must not be eaten.Var zeixl a, yarlillil a zeixl mel, zzor-nr-ci.煮菜单独的煮不好吃。(When) boiling vegetables, (if) they are boiled alone, they don't taste good.Wordabbor ciryoxr-hanga yaryir zza a, bir dae a bbeix, var yir, bbaer yir lei yarzi be.山上有各种野生的，比如说，野菜，野鸭都很多。On the mountain there are all kinds of wild things, for example, wild vegetables, and there are lots of wild ducks.Yar anol ddei mel anolssor nrnel cer a. Cir ddei nael yarbol; nrnel ddei nael yarmo.他的狗下了两个小狗。第一个是公的；第二个是母的。His/her dog gave birth to two puppies, the first one was a male; the second one was a female.Sometimes the /yar-/ associates a noun with an adjective. This does not happen with all nouns and adjectives but there is group of words that work this way. The pattern is the same as when /yar-/ associates a noun with a second noun which is a constituent or member of that first noun. If the noun and the adjective are consecutive, the /yar-/ is not used. So for the example /Var zeixl a, yarlillil a zeixl mel, zzor-nr-ci./ '(When) boiling vegetables, (if) they are boiled alone, they don't taste good.' (vegetable boil BREATH.GROUP.MARKER, ASSOC. alone BREATH.GROUP.MARKER boil TOP, not.delicious) Could also beː /Var zeixl a, var lillil a zeixl mel, zzor-nr-ci./ (vegetable boil REATH.GROUP.MARKER,vegetable alone REATH.GROUP.MARKER boil TOP, not.delicious). In other words, that /yar-/ can be replaced with the noun itself. Thanks to David Bradley, professor of linguistics at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia, for his insight on how this word functions. 感谢澳大利亚 墨尔本市的 拉特罗部 大学语言学教授 大卫卜莱德利 对此字的洞察力与見識。The term "associative phrase" comes from the book "Mandarin Chinese, A Functional Reference Grammar" by Charles N. Li and Sandra A., pp. 113-116, Thompson. University of California Press, 1981.'联想习语' 这个词语出自 查尔斯 N. Li 与 桑德拉 A. 所著的“普通话中文，功能参考文法”一书, 113-116 页，汤普森。加州大学出版社, 1981.Compare 另见nga-yarjiaryarzibboryarʝa²¹

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