Appendices 01 – 05

It appears at the highest point of the sky. First Quarter . (Excellent harvest if planted at this phase, when the moon and blotik ehek ‘star for planting’ are in direct line, one above the other.)

deng semfóyón

It has just passed the sky’s highest point.

stileng

It is halfway down the sky (by daylight reckoning), beginning to be large. Gibbous. (Poor harvest if planted at this phase, because the moon and the blotik ehek have passed each other.)

mangu

Becoming larger. (Not good to plant at this phase.)

saif

Usually the best time for planting. Last quarter .

tngel3

Full moon. Second Quarter .

kbit

Still very large.

sotu knifuhen

‘First night with (a time of) darkness’ before moon comes up.

lewu knifuhen

‘Second night with (a time of) darkness’ before moon comes up.

tlu knifuhen

‘Third night with (a time of) darkness’ before moon comes up.

fat knifuhen

‘Fourth night with (a time of) darkness’ before moon comes up.

limu knifuhen

‘Fifth night with (a time of) darkness’ before moon comes up, known as kifu lóbô ‘night of the wild things’ as animals, snakes. (Good harvest only if the owners themselves do the planting.)

nem knifuhen

‘Sixth night with (a time of) darkness’ before moon comes up, known as kifu likò ‘night of being afraid’ (because the darkness is so intense).

hitu knifuhen

‘Seventh night with (a time of) darkness’ before moon comes up, known as tanay ketfesen or tfes udì . (Good harvest if planted at this phase.

wolu knifuhen

‘Eighth night with (a time of) darkness’ before moon comes up, known as tfes sumuy or tfes bong . (Good harvest if planted at this phase.)

syóm knifuhen

‘Ninth night with (a time of) darkness’ before moon comes up, known as yewen bong; half of the moon is seen. Third/Last Quarter .

sfolò knifuhen

‘Tenth night with (a time of) darkness’ before moon comes up, also known as yewen udì ; only a small part of moon is seen. Crescent .

sudù kdaw

Moon is no longer seen since it sets the same time the sun comes up. New Moon.

limu butengen mbut bulón glimun

‘Five nights until the fifth month starts’ (i.e., May 1, the last chance to plant rice).

sélél

Month of March.

stileng bulón

Month of July.

tdanan hotuk

The dry season, usually from the last week of February through March, after the field has been cleared, while waiting for it to dry enough to be burned (lit. a time of resting).

Appendix 2: Spirit beings

Appendix 2.1: Spirit beings known as individuals

Bé lem bnes

A spirit believed to live in the grass (lit. grandmother in the grass).

blinteng

The spirit owner of water.

btakù

A witch-like spirit whose speech scares people at night.

Fun

The owner of land, fields, houses, possessions, bamboo, slaves.

gamaw

A spirit that makes the person change his looks and look fierce; a person who has this spirit.

kmakak

The cackler of ghoul spirits which parents name to scare their children.

kwakuk

A false spirit that everyone reminds a child of when the child cries at night.

Loos Klagan

A spirit which causes sickness and also removes sickness when sacrifice is made.

méw3

A spirit that leads someone to behave in an unusual manner leading to a bad ending.

Mlê

A spirit in the Big Spirit traditional stories who eats people alive.

sfu2

The spirit who is the owner of a taboo such as Sfu Halay ‘spirit origin of rice’.

Slow

A spirit that causes venereal disease.

Sméléng

A fairy spirit said to live in the blétê ‘strangler fig’ tree.

Tdulok

A spirit believed to live in the grass who hunts people’s souls with a bow and arrow.

Tembuk

A spirit which parents name to frighten children and stop them from crying.

Témê Gu Bwak

A spirit believed to go hunting with his bow and arrow during rain showers while the sun shines or in the mists of fog after the rain in the afternoon. He shoots the spirit/soul of human beings he encounters causing them to get sick.

Témê Lus

A spirit believed to live in the grass (lit. grandfather in the grass.)

Tmafid

A spirit believed to be in charge of justice on the earth.

ugus

A spirit believed to help a person trap or catch a pig.

wa2

A spirit that appears like a bird whose head is believed to go out at night, called onuk busaw ‘spirit-bird’.

Appendix 2.2: Spirit beings considered as a group

blanga1

A spirit believed to be be living in caves in the jungle that makes a stranger sick and unable to go through the jungle.

bù1

An evil spirit.

busaw

An evil spirit-being, the specific term used for the ghoul spirits who are known as yó kem msék ‘those who gnaw/chew/eat raw (the dead)’, but it is also the generic term for all classes of evil spirits.

lemogol

The spirit of a dead relative.

ngà bù

Familiar spirits.

tulus

A supernatural power.

yó kem hmikò

Those who frighten people.

yó kem msék

Those who chew/gnaw at the dead.

yó kem lomi sut

Those who are recent arrivals, such as wa, tiktik, introduced by the Visayans.

Appendix 2.3: Spirit beings known as the owners

Generic Terms:

Fun bulul

‘Owner of the mountains’

Fun des

‘Owner of sickness’

Fun dlag

‘Owner of the forests’

Fun ’el

‘ Owner of (the bodies of) water’

Fun halay

‘Owner of the rice’

Fun kimu

‘Owner of (the traditional) possessions’

Fun tonok

‘Owner of the ground’

Fun twél

‘Owner of the metal casting’

Fun utón

‘Owner of the edible wild animals’

Some Specific Terms:

Fun Ala

‘Owner of the Allah River’

Fun bak ngeb

‘Owner of a certain treacherous pool at the bottom of a waterfall in the Allah River’

Fun bolos

‘Owner of (animals similar to) foxes’

Fun hfét

‘Owner of wild chickens’

Fun hikong

‘Owner of waterfalls’

Fun Hólón

‘Owner of Lake Parker’

Fun hulu

‘Owner of plants’

Fun iwas

‘Owner of monkeys’

Fun kdungon

‘Owner of abaca plants’

Fun kulón

‘Owner of rain’

Fun léhék

‘Owner of mountain rocks’

Fun lenos

‘Owner of wind’

Fun litok, Fun bnes

‘Owner of weeds’

Fun msól

‘Owner of blacksmith’

Fun Mtutung

‘Owner of Matutum Mountain’

Fun nesif

‘Owner of cross stitch’

Fun Sbù

‘Owner of Lake Sebù’

Fun sdô

‘Owner of wild pigs’

Fun Slótón

‘Owner of Slótón , the lake’

Fun sowu

‘Owner of pythons’

Fun Telemwél

‘Owner of Telemwél , the mountain’

Fun tnalak/Fun nes

‘Owner of abaca cloth’

Fun ulal

‘Owner of snakes’

Fun ungé

‘Owner of rats’

Appendix 3: Terms of address

adén1

Term of address between two people with the same name.

awô

Term of address for teenage girls by older women.

bé

Grandmother; grandchild; term of address between grandmothers and grandchildren.

bilà2

Pal, friend; friendship name used by two people living in different areas.

dos1

Term of address between spouses of sisters-in-law and brothers-in-law.

Dóg

Term of address for a young boy.

fay

Term used when speaking of one’s sister-in-law or brother-in-law and other relatives except the parents.

fê

Term of address between brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law

fóg

A man’s brother-in-law; term of address between brothers-in-law.

fù

Great grandparent; great grandchildren; ancestor

fuy

Great, great grandparents; great, great grandchildren.

géw/gow

Name or term of address for a short, stout, round child.

idì

Aunt (slang).

lai

In-law; term of address between family members and relatives of a husband and wife only.

lenibun

Term of address by a man to a woman; term of address between females meaning lady friend.

lenogi

Term of address by a woman to a man.

leway

Generic term of address used between spouses of sisters or brothers.

Lô

Term of address for a young girl.

mà

Father.

mà dì

Uncle; term of address for older male friend.

Man

Term of address for a young boy.

Mew

Name or term of address for a mute.

Mì

Term of address for a young boy.

Min

Term of address for a young boy.

nuón, nguun

Term of address between the spouse of an uncle and the nieces and nephews.

ngot

Name or term of address for a mute.

ngow

Name or term of address for a short, stout, round child.

selway

A relationship term used between spouses of brothers and sisters.

Séng

Term of address for a young boy.

Sól1

Term of address for a young unmarried man by an older person.

témê

Grandfather; grandchild; term of address between grandfathers and grandchildren.

Tò

Term of address for one’s son-in-law or young boy.

towu

Son-in-law or daughter-in-law; term used when speaking about one’s son-in-law or daughter-in-law.

tuha libun

A husband’s term of address for his wife.

tuha logi

A wife’s term of address for her husband.

tuón

Term used when speaking about one’s father-in-law or mother-in-law.

twogu

Older sibling.

twoli

Younger sibling.

wè

Friend; term of address for one’s peers and between wives of brothers.

wê

Term of address between sisters-in-law.

wê libun

Term of address by the the son-in-law or daughter-in-law to his/her mother-in-law.

wê logi

Term of address by the son-in-law or the daughter-in-law to his/her father-in-law.

wog

Term of address used when speaking to an elder sibling; short form of twogu ‘older sibling’.

woli

Term of address used when speaking to a younger sibling; short form of twoli ‘younger sibling’.

yê

Mother.

yê bong

Aunt; term of address for a big, older woman.

yê dì

Aunt; term of address for a small, older woman.

yô

Term of address for one’s daughter-in-law.

Appendix 3.1: Relationship terms

bé

grandmother, granddaughter

bé fù

great-grandmother, great-grandchild

bun

female child, teenager’ (older person to younger relationship)

dos1

spouse’s sibling-in-law (opposite sex relationship)

fê

male’s sister-in-law; female’s brother-in-law

fê udì

male’s sister-in-law (younger than his wife); female’s brother-in-law (younger than her husband)

fóg

male’s brother-in-law

fóg udì

male’s brother-in-law (younger than his wife)

lai

child’s spouse’s parents

lenibun

male’s female cousin

lenogi

female’s male cousin

leway

spouse’s sibling-in-law (male to male)

libun

female sibling: sister

logi

male sibling: brother

lô

female child, teenager (older person to younger relationship)

mà

father

mà bong

older man with authority

mà dì

uncle

man

male child, teenager (older person to younger relationship)

ngà

female child, niece (older to younger relationship)

ngà udì

daughter-in-law (a child)

nuón/nguun

spouse of aunt or uncle (niece and nephew)

séng

male child (older person to younger relationship)

sól1

male child, nephew

témê

grandfather, grandchild

témê fù

great-grandfather, great-grandchild

tò

son-in-law; a male child (older to younger relationship)

tò udì

son-in-law (child)

tuha libun

wife

tuha logi

husband

wè

friend (male or female, recognized or not recognized)

wê

female’s sister-in-law, spouse’s sibling-in-law (female to female)

wê udì

female’s sister-in-law (younger than her husband); spouse’s sibling-in-law (younger than her husband)

wê libun

mother-in-law

wê logi

father-in-law

wog

older sibling or cousin (male or female)

yê

mother

yê bong

aunt, older woman with authority

yê dì

aunt

yô

daughter-in-law

Appendix 3.2: Term of address for people in authority

datù2

traditional male leader

duktul

doctor

fadol

Father (priest)

gebenol

governor

mem

a female teacher

meyol

mayor

fastol

pastor

sél

‘a male teacher’

Appendix 4: Musical instruments

bnogul litok

Very heavy and expensive type of gong.

dédét1

Small flute-like instrument made from a certain kind of leaf.

dwegey

Instrument made from half of a coconut shell with a piece of bamboo as its handle. Its one string (any kind) and bamboo bow is strung with abaca and played like a violin.

féw

Horn, a wind instrument made from rice straw; harmonica.

heglung

Lute, long and slim in shape, carved out of wood, complete with two strings and nine frets made from honeycomb.

hlendeg

Long flute.

klintang

Musical instrument made up of a graduated series of seven or eight brass gongs placed on a frame with strings and played with padded sticks somewhat like an xylophone, usually played together with the drum.

klutang

Musical instrument made from a long pole. A portion is sliced off the middle. It is suspended by both ends and, using sticks, a certain rhythm is beat out along the length of the pole.

ksal

Drumsticks, bigger at one end, used to pound out a rhythm.

kumbing

Musical instrument similar to the jews-harp, made from bamboo.

sloli

Flute-like instrument made from slender bamboo.

slagi

Suspended gongs.

sludoy

Bamboo tube zither, a musical instrument made from a 2 ½ ft. 6 in. or so in diameter with five to eight strings.

tang

Bass gong, a large gong emitting a deep, somber sound, used for transmitting calls to someone in the field or calling a meeting. Also played along with other instruments.

tembaga

Large heavy gong.

tonggong

Drum made from a section of bamboo with deer hide stretched over both ends; the music played on this drum.

Appendix 5: Stages in the development of the rice plant

mdalum

‘It is like the point of a needle’ (i.e., only one tiny spear of green has come up out of the ground).

kikong sit

‘It is like the tail of the rice bird’ (i.e., it now has two spears of green showing).

tawan lenos

‘It is affected by the wind’ (i.e., its spears of green are tall enough to be moved by the wind).

kemsuna

‘It is like an onion’ (i.e., as tall as onion greens).

glimun bótóng numa

‘It is tall enough to conceal the logs of the forest’ (which have been chopped down and left lying in the field).

slofok

‘It has c ome out directly across from each other’ (i.e., the last two leaves at the top of the plant have come out directly across from one another, a sign that the plant has reached its full height and is ready for the flag leaf to grow).

tmubed kling

‘It has a new shoot like bamboo’ (i.e., the flag leaf has come out at the very top of the plant; inside this leaf the rice heads will form).

mlolu

‘It has conceived’ (i.e., the plant has turned yellow, the sign that the heads of rice will begin to form inside the flag leaf).

mosò lehen

‘It is filling out thinly’ (i.e., the flag leaf is being filled up with the head of rice, but it is not yet discernible—‘it’s body is still straight’).

mosò

‘It is filling out’ (i.e., the flag leaf is filling up with the rice head enough to be discernible).

mosung

‘It is pregnant’ (i.e., the flag leaf is filled up full and bulging, ready to burst open).

semtaba

‘It is calling out to others’ (i.e., the flag leaf on plants here and there throughout the field has opened and the heads of rice are seen standing upright; they are spoken of as recognizing one another and calling out to each ot her).

sembol doun

‘It is mixed with the leaves’ (i.e., the flag leaves have opened all over the field and the heads of rice are standing upright among the flag leaves).

kmolon

‘It’s like cogon grass’ (i.e., heads of rice are seen standing upright on all the plants all over the field).

lemuduk

‘It is beginning to hang down’ (i.e., many of the rice kernels at the very tip of the rice heads are filling out so that this part of the head is heavy enough to hang down, ‘to bow’).

mlotik

‘It is beginning to show red’ (i.e., four or five kernels at the very tips of the heads are beginning to ripen, to show a reddish color).

mlem lemnaw

‘It is filling up green’ (i.e, the grains are beginning to fill out, but still greenish in color).

sebwól kudung

‘Some rice grains are filled out and hanging down ‘bowing’, others are not. Rice heads are heavier, being swayed/swung around by the wind. Past the mlem lemnaw stage.

sóól twogun

‘Half of the older siblings are ripe’ (i.e., half of the rice heads that first came out are ripening, turning red; the other half is still green).

mfu twogun

‘The older sibling is complete’ (i.e, the rice heads that came out first are completely ripe).

sóól twolin

‘Half of the younger sibling is ripe’ (i.e., the rice heads that came out later are half ripee, half green).

lemgà

‘Completely ripe’ (i.e., ready to be harvested).

Appendix 5.1: Stages of rice and corn growth

halay1

Rice, unhusked, a staple food of the Philippines.

klifak

The sheath-like covering at the base of each stem (of rice, banana plants, Manila hemp, coconut palm, areca nut palm).

Seed which is planted by dropping it in a hole.

lesob

Process of germination, beginning of growth.

mbanal

Stage in the growth of corn when the kernels are just beginning to form.

smokong

Stage in corn growth when the buds appear in a cone-like shape for the flowers to come in.

tlê1

A new shoot on a plant, sprout.