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altorser

ʔa⁵⁵tʰo²¹-sə²¹n.名knife-edge刀刃/dāorèn/Altorser teix a saelnei hor daexr seir.

刀刃锋利才好切肉。The knife-edge has to be sharp in order to slice meat well.altorser

ʔa⁵⁵tʰo²¹-sə²¹

altorxi

ʔa⁵⁵tʰo²¹-ʃi³³n.名sheath刀鞘/dāoqiào/Capor mel six taexl ssi a mel, altorxi ddexr. Yel altor baxr halmaex ji.

男人去砍柴，带刀鞘。然后把刀子放那里。When men go to cut wood, they wear a sheath. So the knife is put in there.

altorxi

ʔa⁵⁵tʰo²¹-ʃi³³

alvixr

ʔa⁵⁵vi̠ʔ²¹n.名brother-in-law; older brother-in-law; older sister's brother姐夫/jiěfū/Ngadaxl capor ddei leil mel, ngo alvixr ae nia.

我姐姐的丈夫，我叫他 'alvixr'。As for my older sister's husband, I call him 'alvir'./ngadaxl/ is the combination of /nga-/ and /adal/./ngadal/ 是 /nga-/ 和 /adal/ 的组合词。arqirfu

ʔa²¹tʃʰi²¹fɤ³³

alyax

ʔa⁵⁵ʝa̠⁴⁴INTERJ叹(expression of surprise or pain)哎呀/āiyā/Alyax! Ngo leil dezei yarzi no!

哎呀！我倒下了很疼!Ouch! I fell down and it hurts a lot!ayox

ʔa³³ʝo̠⁴⁴

alzeix

ʔa⁵⁵tse̠⁴⁴n.名ancestor祖宗/zǔzōng/The term /porpor/ is a general term that refers to ancestors. When trying to identify specific generations of ancestors, the oldest generation is referred to as /allil/. The term /allil/ is for the oldest ancestor someone can think of--not someone s/he personally knows, but an ancestor that can be placed in a specific time or place. The genereation after that is referred to as /alzeix/; the generation after that is a person's great, great grandparent and that generation is referred to as /alper/; great grandparents are called /almar/. Generations after that are further subdivided according to their gender, i.e. grandfather and grandmother etc.Compare 另见allilalperporporalzeix

ʔa⁵⁵tse̠⁴⁴

ama

ʔa³³ma³³n.名mom; mother妈妈/māma/Yar maerssor yar leil bbeix: "Ni ama hhexr dax jjixr si la."

他妻子对他说，你回妈妈家去吧。His wife told him, "Return to mother's home".1. This can be used as a term of reference.这是一个可以用为直接称呼的字词。This example sentence was taken from a traditional story.ama

ʔa³³ma³³

amabbaex

ʔa³³ma³³-bæ̠⁴⁴n.名aunt; third-to-oldest maternal aunt; mother's third-to-oldest sister; father's third-to-oldest brother's wife; third-to-oldest paternal aunt (affinal)三姨妈/sān yímā/There are five levels for the term maternal 'aunt'. If a person actually has five maternal aunts, the youngest aunt is /amadaellael/; the next one or second one going up in age is: /ama(qie)qie/; the third one going up in age is: /ama(bbaex)bbaex/; the fourth one going up in age is: /ama(leix)leix/; the fifth one going up in age, i.e. the oldest maternal aunt is: /ama(dae)dae/ or /ama(vaer)vaer.Compare 另见ama-bbaexbbaexalyixr-mabbaex

ʔa⁵⁵ʝi²¹ma²¹bæ̠⁴⁴amubbaex

ʔa³³mɤ³³bæ̠⁴⁴

ama-bbaexbbaex

ʔa³³ma³³-bæ̠⁴⁴-bæ̠⁴⁴aunt; third-to-oldest maternal aunt; mother's third-to-oldest sister; father's third-to-oldest brother's wife; third-to-oldest paternal aunt (affinal)三姨妈/sān yímā/Compare 另见amabbaexalyixr-mabbaex

ʔa⁵⁵ʝi²¹ma²¹bæ̠⁴⁴amubbaex

ʔa³³mɤ³³bæ̠⁴⁴

amadaedae

ʔa³³ma³³-tɛ³³tɛ³³n.名aunt; oldest maternal aunt; mother's oldest sister; father's oldest brother's wife大姨妈/dà yímā/Ngama azzi-nimo zza arddeirnga a, vaer zzir ddei mel amadaedae ae.

如果我妈妈有姐妹的话，最大的叫“amadaedae”。If my mother has sisters, the oldest one is called "amadaedae".1. /ngama/ is the combination of /nga-/ and /ama/. /ngama/ 是 /nga-/ 和 /ama/ 的组合词。/amadaedae/ becomes /-madaedae/ following /yar-/, /nia-/ or /nga-/. /amadaedae/ 变为 /-madaedae/，跟在 /yar-/, /nia-/ 或 /nga-/ 之后。amadaedae ~ amavaer.There are five levels for the term maternal 'aunt'. If a person actually has five maternal aunts, the youngest aunt is /amadaellael/; the next one or second one going up in age is: /ama(qie)qie/; the third one going up in age is: /ama(bbaex)bbaex/; the fourth one going up in age is: /ama(leix)leix/; the fifth one going up in age, i.e. the oldest maternal aunt is: /ama(dae)dae/ or /ama(vaer)vaer.alyixr-mavaer

ʔa⁵⁵ʝi̠²¹ma³³væ²¹armomar

ʔa²¹mo³³-ma²¹

amadaellael

ʔa³³ma³³-tɛ⁵⁵læ⁵⁵n.名aunt; father's fifth-to-oldest brother's wife; fifth-to-oldest paternal aunt (affinal); mother's fifth-to-oldest sister; fifth-to-oldest maternal aunt最小的伯母/zuì xiǎo de bómǔ/Ngama azzi-nimo zza arddeirnga a, ngorler ddei leil "amadaellael" ae.

我妈妈有姐妹的话，第五个叫“amadaellael”。If my mother has sisters, the fifth (younger sister under her) is called "amadaellael".1. /amadaellael becomes /-madaellael/ following /yar-/, /nia-/ or /nga-/./amadaellael/ 变为 /-madaellael/，跟在 /yar-/, /nia-/ 或 /nga-/ 之后。There are five levels for the term maternal 'aunt'. If a person actually has five maternal aunts, the youngest aunt is /amadaellael/; the next one or second one going up in age is: /ama(qie)qie/; the third one going up in age is: /ama(bbaex)bbaex/; the fourth one going up in age is: /ama(leix)leix/; the fifth one going up in age, i.e. the oldest maternal aunt is: /ama(dae)dae/ or /ama(vaer)vaer.alyixr-maya

ʔa⁵⁵ʝi̞²¹ma³³-ʝa³³

amaleix

ʔa³³ma³³-ɮe̠⁴⁴n.名aunt; second-to-oldest maternal aunt; mother's second-to-oldest sister; father's second-to-oldest brother's wife; second-to-oldest paternal aunt (affinal)二姨妈/èr yímā/Ngama azzi-nimo zza arddeirnga a, nrnel ddei leil "amaleix" ae.

我妈妈有姐妹的话，第二个我叫 "amaleixleix"。If my mother has sisters, the second one under my mother "ama-leixleix".1. /ama-leixleix/ becomes /-maleixleix/ following /yar-/, /nia-/ or /nga-/. /amaleixleix/ 变为 /-maleixleix/，跟在 /yar-/, /nia-/ 或 /nga-/ 之后。The term for the 马游 dialect includes the mother's second oldest sister as well as the father's second oldest brother's wife, but those two relatives are referred to with two separate kinship terms for the 张家 dialect. 这个词可以用于母亲的第二个姐姐，也可以是父亲的第二个哥哥的妻子。张家的方言则用两个不同的亲属称呼。There are five levels for the term maternal 'aunt'. If a person actually has five maternal aunts, the youngest aunt is /ama-daellael/; the next one or second one going up in age is: /ama(qie)qie/; the third one going up in age is: /ama(bbaex)bbaex/; the fourth one going up in age is: /ama(leix)leix/; the fifth one going up in age, i.e. the oldest maternal aunt is: /ama(dae)dae/ or /ama(vaer)vaer.amaleix ~ ama-leixleix.Compare 另见amaleixleixalyixr-maleix

ʔa⁵⁵ʝi̠²¹ma³³ɮe̠⁴⁴amuleix

ʔa³³mɤ³³ɮe̠⁴⁴

amaleixleix

ʔa³³ma³³-ɮe̠⁴⁴-ɮe̠⁴⁴aunt; second-to-oldest maternal aunt; mother's second-to-oldest sister; father's second-to-oldest brother's wife; second-to-oldest paternal aunt (affinal)二姨妈 èr yímāCompare 另见amaleixalyixr-maleix

ʔa⁵⁵ʝi̠²¹ma³³ɮe̠⁴⁴amuleix

ʔa³³mɤ³³ɮe̠⁴⁴

amaqie

ʔa³³ma³³-tʃʰʲɛ³³n.名aunt; father's fourth to oldest brother's wife; fourth to oldest paternal aunt (affinal); fourth oldest maternal aunt; mother's fourth to oldest sister四姨妈/sì yímā/Ngama azzi-nimo zza arddeirnga a, liler ddei leil "amaqie" ae.

我妈妈有姐妹的话，第四个叫“amaqie”。If my mother has sisters, the fourth oldest sister is called "amaqie".1. /amaqie/ becomes /-maqie/ following /yar-/, /nia-/ or /nga-/. /amaqie/ 变为 /-maqie/，跟在 /yar-/, /nia-/ 或 /nga-/ 之后。amaqie ~ amaqieqie.There are five levels for the term maternal 'aunt'. If a person actually has five maternal aunts, the youngest aunt is /ama-daellael/; the next one or second one going up in age is: /ama(qie)qie/; the third one going up in age is: /ama(bbaex)bbaex/; the fourth one going up in age is: /ama(leix)leix/; the fifth one going up in age, i.e. the oldest maternal aunt is: /ama(dae)dae/ or /ama(vaer)vaer.Compare 另见amaqieqiealyixr-maqie

ʔa⁵⁵ʝi̙²¹ma³³tʃʰʲɛ³³amuqie

ʔa³³mɯ³³-tʃʰʲɛ³³

amaqieqie

ʔa³³ma³³-tʃʰʲɛ³³-tʃʰʲɛ³³n.名aunt; father's fourth to oldest brother's wife; fourth to oldest paternal aunt (affinal); fourth oldest maternal aunt; mother's fourth to oldest sister四姨妈/sì yímā/Compare 另见amaqiealyixr-maqie

ʔa⁵⁵ʝi̙²¹ma³³tʃʰʲɛ³³amuqie

ʔa³³mɯ³³-tʃʰʲɛ³³

amu-daellael

ʔa⁵⁵mɤ³³-tɛ⁵⁵ɮæ⁵⁵n.名aunt; father's youngest sister; youngest paternal aunt五姑妈/wǔ gūmā/Compare 另见almo-daellaelaya-daellael

ʔa³³ʝa³³-tɛ⁵⁵ɮæ⁵⁵

anei

ʔa³³ne³³n.名grandmother; paternal grandmother奶奶/nǎinai/Arbbor ddei ama leil ngo "anei" ae.

爸爸的妈妈我叫奶奶。I call my father's mother "anei"./anei/ becomes /-nei/ following /yar-/, /nia-/ or /nga-/./anei/ 变为 /-nei/，跟在 /yar-/, /nia-/ 或 /nga-/ 之后。anei

ʔa³³ne³³

aneipo

ʔ³³ne³³-pʰo³³n.名grandmother; maternal grandmother外婆/wàipó/Ngama ddei ama leil ngo "aneipo" ae.

我妈的妈妈我叫外婆。I call my mother's mother "aneipo".1. /ngama/ is the combination of /nga-/ and /ama/./ngama/ 是 /nga-/ 和 /ama/ 的组合词。/aneipo/ becomes /-neipo/ following /yar-/, /nia-/ or /nga-/./aneipo/ 变为 /-neipo/，跟在 /yar-/, /nia-/ 或 /nga-/ 之后。aneipo

ʔ³³ne³³-pʰo³³

aniux

ʔa³³nʲo̠⁴⁴n.名child孩子/háizi/Aniux mel, yaa zzihie ho a lei, zzi leil vuxryixr nr var.

小孩子们，吵架以后也不会彼此恨。Children, even after they argue amongst themselves, can't hate each other.1. With the /-ssor/ 'son' attached to the word /aniux/, it emphasizes that the child is quite young./aniux/ 后面附上 /-ssor/ ‘儿子’强调孩子年纪很小。/aniux/ does not change when fallowing /yar/, /nia/ or /ngua/ as many other kinship terms beginning with /a/ do. It would be /yar aniux/ or /yar ddei /aniux/.Compare 另见aniuxmodoanie

ʔa³³nʲɛ³³

aniux bexlelte

ʔa³³nʲo̠⁴⁴ pɯ̠⁴⁴ɮə⁵⁵tʰə³³n.名baby婴孩/yīnghái/Aniux bexlelte mel baxr lar dda var, almeixr zzor nr var.

婴孩只会吃奶不会吃饭。Babies can only drink milk, (they) can't eat food/rice./bexlelte/ can be used by itself as in: "When there was that big earthquake you were still a /bexlelte/ 'baby' .", but most often it follows the word /aniux/ 'child'. This word is never used with animals./bexlelte/ ‘婴孩’可以单独使用，如：“大地震那个时候，你还是一个婴孩。” 但此字通常加上 /aniux/ ‘孩子’ 这个字。此字从来不用于动物。Compare 另见bexlelteagelssor

ʔa³³gɯ⁵⁵zo²¹

aniuxcir

ʔa³³nʲo̠⁴⁴-tsʰɿ²¹1n.名child with only one parent父亲或母亲不在/fùqin huò mǔqin bù zài/Ssormaer hal ddox yarma si a, yel yar aniuxcir loxr a.

那个女孩她妈妈死了，所以她成了孤儿。That girl's mother died, so she became a child with only one parent./yarma/ is the combination of /yar-/ and /ama/./yarma/ 是 /yar-/ 和 /ama/ 的组合词。2orphan孤儿/gū'ér/Aniux hal ddox mel yarbbor yarma lei nr zza a; yel yar aniuxcir loxr a.

那个孩子爸爸妈妈都没有了，所以他成了孤儿。That child's father and mother passed away, so s/he became a orphan.It was reported that this word is not used in ZhangJia village.据说张家村那里不用此字。

aniuxmodo

ʔa³³nʲo̠⁴⁴-mo³³to³³n.名mother母亲/mǔqīn/Ssormaer mel aniux zza ho a mel dder aniuxmodo loxr a.

女人有了孩子，就变成母亲了。After a women has had a child (she) becomes a mother.1. This is not a term of address; it simply refers to a mother with young. The implications is also that it is a nursing mother or a mother with very young children. 此词不用于称呼；只用于指一个有幼儿的母亲，并蕴含是一个正在以母乳抚育孩子的母亲，而不只是有孩子的女人。The term /-modo/ can also apply to animals with young.此词也可用于有幼儿的母兽。Compare 另见acixl-modoaniux-modoniurmodoveixrmodoyixmodoaniemodo

ʔa³³nʲɛ³³-mo³³to³³

aniuxniar

ʔa³³nʲo̠⁴⁴-nʲa²¹adj.形pregnant怀孕/huáiyùn/Ssormaer hal ddei capor zo wo cir koxl loxr a, eilboxl aniuxniar dae a.

那个女人找到丈夫一年了，现在怀孕了。One year has passed since that woman found a husband; now (she) is pregnant with a child.Compare 另见ggecirniarhierddohierddoniarssor zza daeggecirngexl

gɯ³³tsʰɿ²¹-ŋɯ̠⁶⁶

aniuxssor

ʔa³³nʲo̠⁴⁴-zo²¹n.名child; small child; toddler小孩子/xiǎo háizi/Sulzzaggie mel aniuxssor yarzi miur.

在学校有很多小孩。There are many children in school.With the /-ssor/ 'son; small' attached to the word /aniux/, it emphasizes that the child is quite young. /aniux/ 后面附上 /-ssor/ ‘儿子；小’强调孩子年纪很小。aniessor